Acetaldehyde is oxidized over silica gel with the help of air. The mixture is passed over that catalyst at 387 K (114°C). The outgoing dry gases are found to contain 4.85% CO,, 8.65% acetaldehyde, 14.9% acetic acid, 2.55% O, and 69.05% N, by volume (on dry basis). For carrying out dry analysis, water was first removed from the mixture. During the water removal, some acetic acid is also condensed. Calculate: (a) the percentage conversion of acetaldehyde, (b) the percentage yield of acetic acid, (c) mass ratio of air to acetaldehyde in incoming feed, (d) the percentage removal of acetic acid during the removal of water, and (e) that actual analysis of the gases leaving the reactor.

An iron-carbon alloy initially containing 0.308 wt% C is exposed to an oxygen-rich and virtually carbon-free atmosphere at 1150°C. Under these circumstances the carbon diffuses from the alloy and reacts at the surface with the oxygen in the atmosphere; that is, the carbon concentration at the surface position is maintained essentially at 0.0 wt% C. At what position will the carbon concentration be 0.231 wt% after a 6 h treatment? The value of D at 1150°C is 5.5 × 10-10 m²/s. erf(z) erf(z) erf(z) 0.00 0.0000 0.55 0.5633 1.3 0.9340 0.025 0.0282 0.60 0.6039 1.4 0.9523 0.05 0.0564 0.65 0.6420 1.5 0.9661 0.10 0.1125 0.70 0.6778 1.6 0.9763 0.15 0.1680 0.75 0.7112 1.7 0.9838 0.20 0.2227 0.80 0.7421 1.8 0.9891 0.25 0.2763 0.85 0.7707 1.9 0.9928 0.30 0.3286 0.90 0.7970 2.0 0.9953 0.35 0.3794 0.95 0.8209 2.2 0.9981 0.40 0.4284 1.0 0.8427 2.4 0.9993 0.45 0.4755 1.1 0.8802 2.6 0.9998 0.50 0.5205 1.2 0.9103 2.8 0.9999

FIGURE 6.3: Phase diagram for the tin-lead alloy system. Temperature °C 300 α+L 200-4 183°C 100 Liquid 61.9% Sn (362°F) (eutectic composition) α+β 600 500 B B+L400 20 40 60 80 Pb Sn % Tin (Sn) 300 200 100 Temperature °F a) Label the liquidus and solidus lines (2pt) b) define all the pure phases, terminal phases, and intermediate phases in the system (2 pt) c) For a 25% -Sn alloy at 175 C find the phases present (2 pt) d) For a 25% -Sn alloy at 175 C find the phase fraction of alpha and beta phases (weight percent) (4 pts) e) For this same composition, what would be the mass fraction of primary alpha and eutectic microconstituents. (2 pt) f) Determine the mass fraction of eutectic alpha (2 pt) g) for part d, convert the mass fraction to volume fraction (look up density) (4 points) h) for this same composition draw the phases present at 375, 275, 185, 100 C (2 pt) for the 25 wt% Sn

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