According to the framework proposed by Blackburn et al. (2011), the term "invasive" applies to a species that has reached which stage along the invasion process model? A. Transport B. Introduction C. Establishment D. Spread

The epidemiological or disease triangle is a model of disease causation that proposes three factors contribute to an outbreak – an agent that causes the disease, a susceptible host, and an environment that brings the host and agent together. Some general changes within these three factors that may cause an infectious disease to emerge include:     A. changes in populations or behavior of reservoir hosts or intermediate hosts   B. microbial genetic mutation and viral genetic recombination or assortment    C. environmental factors such as an increase in precipitation   D. all of the above    E. none of the above

In the MRSA case study discussed in class, after 12 weeks a mutant arose. This mu- tant formed smaller colonies on a blood agar plate when compared to the wild type MRSA iso- 3. lated 12 weeks earlier. The ability of that mutant to form small colonies is an example of when compared to the wild type. A. Sweep B. Bottleneck C. Founder effect D. Genetic drift

Nelson uses the analogy of a cracker with peanut butter to describe colonized leaves. Which component of the system does the peanut butter represent?