about Ci= 10-3 uscle cells. Detemine 2. The restine iular space but is very low (Cout =10 ual AV for calcium. Suppose diffusion temperature T moie/ii . uiu iembrane 3. Equilibrium membrane potential for potassium ions is AV = 89 mV. Find concentration of potassium ions inside the neuron cell Cin if its concentration in the extracellular space is Cout = 12 mmole/liter. Suppose diffusion temperature T = 20°C. 0a ".l 6217:54 PM 3G Vodafone UA Electricity.pdf BIOELECTRICITY. MEMBRANE POTENTIALS 1. Electrical charge. There are only two types of charge, which we call positive (proton) and negative (electron). Charge of electron and proton is e =1.6×10-1º C. Mass of electron 9.1×10-3' kg and mass of proton 1.67x10" kg. Then, electrical charge is q = Ne, here N amount of charged particles. 2. The electric field E is defined to be E = =, where F is the Coulomb or electrostatic force exerted on a small positive test charge q . E has units of N/C. The magnitude of the electric field E created by a point charge q is F = k, where r is the distance from q . The electric field E is a vector and fields due to multiple charges add like vectors. 3. The potential difference between points A and B, VB – VA , defined to be the change in potential energy of a charge q moved from A to B, is equal to the change in potential energy divided by the charge, ДРЕ Potential difference is commonly called voltage, represented by the symbol AV: AV = 4. In uniform electric field the potential difference is AV = Ed, where E is electric field and d is the distance from A to B, or the distance between the plates. 5. A capacitor is a device used to store charge. The amount of charge q a capacitor can store depends on two major factors - the voltage applied and the capacitor's physical characteristics, such as its size. The capacitance C is the amount of charge stored per volt, or C = units Farad (F). EE9A 6. Capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor C = 4, where ɛ, = 8.85 · 10-12 F/m is called the permittivity of free space, & is the dielectric constant of the material, A is area of plates and d is distance between plates. 7. Capacitors are used in a variety of devices, including defibrillators, microelectronics such as calculators, and flash lamps, to supply energy. The energy stored in a capacitor can be expressed in three CΔν2 qΔν ways: Energy = of the capacitor(F). 8. Electric current I is the rate at which charge flows, given by I = , units Amperes (A). Here q is , where q is the charge (C), AV is the voltage (V), and C is the capacitance the amount of charge passing through an area in time t . Membrane 9. Membrane potential is potential difference between inner and outer surface of biological membrane. The semipermeable membrane of a cell has different Na* Inside Coulomb force Diffusion concentrations of ions inside and out. Diffusion moves the Outside K* and Cl- ions in the direction shown, until the Coulomb force halts further transfer. This results in a layer of positive charge on the outside, a layer of negative charge on the inside, and thus a voltage across the cell membrane. At rest state, the membrane is normally impermeable to Na*. If Coulomb force Diffusion Coulomb force Diffusion membrane is permeable only to one ion type, the membrane potential is determined by equation: RT In- Cin AV = here R = 8,31J/(mole·K) is gas constant; T is the temperature of diffusion (K); Cout F = 96500 C/mole is Faraday's constant, Z is valence of ion (Z = 1 for K+, Na*, Cl¯), Cin is the ions concentration inside the cell (mole/m³) and Cout is the ions concentration outside the cell (mole/m³). If membrane is permeable_ simultaneously to three ion types, then the membrane potential is found by equation: RT, P«C% + PNaCa + PciC6ut -In- AV = - ZF"PxCK + PNaCout + PciCin here Px, PNa, Pcı are permeability of the membrane to corresponding ion type C , Cia, c concentrations inside the cell (mole/m³) and Cout, Cout, Cout are corresponding concentrations outside the cell (mole/m³). , Cin are ions Relationship between membrane permeability at equilibrium Px:PNa:Pci = 1: 0.04: 0.45. Relationship between membrane permeability during action potential Pg:PNa:Pci = 1:20: 0.45. 10. Resistance and Resistivity The resistance R of a cylinder of length L and cross-sectional area A is PL where o is the resistivity of the material.

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Support Facilitators anc X di Join conversation e Quiz: C.A.R.E. Assessmex di Join conversation W Grades ttps://browardschools.instructure.com/courses/1117234/quizzes/7095833/take/quest... ating Ca. Powerpoint Body S... The graph below shows how pulse rate changes with exercise. EXERCISE and PULSE RATE 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 Times In Minutes Which of the following best explains how body systems worked together to create the results shown on the graph? O As the body uses its excretory system to eliminate wastes, the digestive system takes in more nutrients for growth and development. O As the body exercises using the musculoskeletal system, the circulatory system pumps more blood and oxygen throughout the body. O As the body breaks down food using the digestive system, the nervous system communicates to the musculoskeletal system to exercise the body so as to prevent weight gain. O As the body exercises using the musculoskeletal system the respiratory system takes in more Pulse…

(a) Find the average time required for an oxygen moleculeto diffuse through a 0.200-mm-thick tear layer on the cornea.(b) How much time is required to diffuse 0.500 cm3 ofoxygen to the cornea if its surface area is 1.00 cm2 ?

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