Elements Of Electromagnetics
Elements Of Electromagnetics
7th Edition
ISBN: 9780190698614
Author: Sadiku, Matthew N. O.
Publisher: Oxford University Press
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**Educational Content:**

### Forming-Limit Diagram for High-Strength Steel

A thin-walled spherical shell made of high-strength steel is analyzed using the forming-limit diagram shown below. This shell is being expanded by internal pressure. Given that the original shell diameter is 250 mm, determine the maximum diameter to which it can safely be expanded.

**Graph Explanation:**

The graph is a Forming-Limit Diagram that plots Major Strain (%) against Minor Strain (%).

- **Major Strain Axis (Vertical):** This axis ranges from 0% to 140%.
- **Minor Strain Axis (Horizontal):** This axis ranges from -60% to 80%.

**Regions and Lines:**

- **Plane Strain Line:** Indicating a condition where deformation is only in the major strain direction.
- **Pure Shear Line:** Shows shear deformation conditions.
- **Simple Tension Line (For R = 1):** Represents conditions under simple tension.
- **Failure Zone:** The area above the material-specific lines where failure occurs.
- **Safe Zone:** The area below the material-specific lines where the material can be safely formed.

**Material Lines:**

- **Low-Carbon Steel:** Upper middle line.
- **Brass:** Slightly below the line for low-carbon steel.
- **High-Strength Steel:** In the central zone.
- **Aluminum Alloy:** Lower zone near the safe region.

**Design Conditions:**
- **Equal (Balanced) Biaxial Line:** Indicates balanced stretching in biaxial directions.

**Possible Answers for Maximum Diameter:**

- 280 mm
- 350 mm
- 367.5 mm
- None of the Above

The solution involves determining where the high-strength steel line intersects the safe zone under the specific conditions presented.

This diagram is a critical tool in assessing the forming capability of materials under various loading conditions and is extensively used in engineering applications to prevent structural failure during the forming process.
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Transcribed Image Text:**Educational Content:** ### Forming-Limit Diagram for High-Strength Steel A thin-walled spherical shell made of high-strength steel is analyzed using the forming-limit diagram shown below. This shell is being expanded by internal pressure. Given that the original shell diameter is 250 mm, determine the maximum diameter to which it can safely be expanded. **Graph Explanation:** The graph is a Forming-Limit Diagram that plots Major Strain (%) against Minor Strain (%). - **Major Strain Axis (Vertical):** This axis ranges from 0% to 140%. - **Minor Strain Axis (Horizontal):** This axis ranges from -60% to 80%. **Regions and Lines:** - **Plane Strain Line:** Indicating a condition where deformation is only in the major strain direction. - **Pure Shear Line:** Shows shear deformation conditions. - **Simple Tension Line (For R = 1):** Represents conditions under simple tension. - **Failure Zone:** The area above the material-specific lines where failure occurs. - **Safe Zone:** The area below the material-specific lines where the material can be safely formed. **Material Lines:** - **Low-Carbon Steel:** Upper middle line. - **Brass:** Slightly below the line for low-carbon steel. - **High-Strength Steel:** In the central zone. - **Aluminum Alloy:** Lower zone near the safe region. **Design Conditions:** - **Equal (Balanced) Biaxial Line:** Indicates balanced stretching in biaxial directions. **Possible Answers for Maximum Diameter:** - 280 mm - 350 mm - 367.5 mm - None of the Above The solution involves determining where the high-strength steel line intersects the safe zone under the specific conditions presented. This diagram is a critical tool in assessing the forming capability of materials under various loading conditions and is extensively used in engineering applications to prevent structural failure during the forming process.
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