A researcher would like to evaluate whether a pain-relief patch designed for lower back pain is effective at lowering pain. Prior to testing the patch, each of n = 8 patients rates the current level of back pain on a scale from 1 to 10 (lower values indicate lower pain). After wearing the patch for 90 minutes, a second pain rating is recorded. The data are as follows: Before After 5 2 7 3 8 4 7 1 4 2 3 8. 8. 7

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Confidence Intervals

When we calculate intervals in probability and statistics, it can be simply termed as finding out a confidence interval. The confidence interval is usually calculated from the data set which is observed. The value of the parameter that needs to be calculated is present here only.