A new architecture, with N layers, is proposed. User application at the top layer generates a message of M bytes. At each layer, an H bytes header is added. The second layer of that architecture also adds T bytes trailer. In this architecture, the message M is not divided into smaller packets at any layer.  What is the size of the final message (in bytes) transferred by the lower layer? If we consider the headers and trailers to be an overhead, what is the percentage of such overhead to the total size of the final message

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Network transmission cabling

A network is a collection of devices connected by communication links. A device can be a computer or any instrument capable of sending and receiving data or information formed by other nodes toward the network. A channel that connects people or things is known as a network. It sends the data from one place to another. It is the basic concept of a computer, network, and data communications.