A local college is deciding whether to conduct a campus beautification initiative that would involve various projects, such as planting trees and remodeling buildings, to make the campus more aesthetically pleasing. and (excludable, non- For the students of the college, the visual appearance of the campus is (rival, non-rival) excludable)___________ Thus, the visual appearance would be classified as a public good. Suppose the college administrators estimate that the beautification initiative will cost $6,300. To decide whether the initiative should be undertaken, administrators conduct a survey of the college's 470 students, asking each of them their willingness-to-pay for the beautification project. The average willingness-to-pay, as revealed by the survey, is $14. The benefit of the beautification initiative, as suggested by the survey, is (greater, less)___________ than the cost, the college administrators (should, shout not) beautification initiative. Because the estimated benefit is _______undertake the

A common resource is both excludable, non-rival excludable, rival Onon-excludable, non-rival non-excludable, rival and

3) The supply and demand of sugar are given as Q. = 5P, Q = 250- P where Q, is tons supplied per year, P is the price per ton; Qa is tons demanded per year. Because of the pollution associated with production, marginal external costs of 40 are associated with each ton of sugar. Assuming that sugar is sold in a competitive market, a) What is the market price? How many tons of paper will be produced per year at that price? b) What is the efficient output of paper? c) What is the amount of total Pigouvian tax to achieve efficiency? d) What is the amount of total Pigouvian subsidy to achieve efficiency?

Critically discuss whether civic crowdfunding platforms based on voluntary contributions present a useful solution to the problems associated with public good provision, with particular reference to the crowdfunding of public defence in Ukraine