A ladder leans against a wall as shown below. A hammer is placed on one of the rungs (you can assume the hammer is pointlike). The ladder feels a force of friction from the ground, but there is no friction between the ladder and the wall. The length of the ladder is 20 ft  The mass of the ladder 40  The inclination of the ladder 35  The height of the hammer 10  The mass of the hammer 25 (a) Write the torque balance (b) Determine the coe

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Combined Loading

Any functioning component, such as machine parts, structural members, pressure vessels, and so on, are all under the influence of more than one force. When anybody is under the influence of more than one force such as shear forces, bending moments, axial forces, torsion, and so on, then such body is said to be under combined loading. A very practical example of combined loading is the crankshaft of an internal combustion engine (IC engine). The crankshaft of the IC engine is under high rpm, which is caused due to the torsional forces. Due to the presence of piston, counterbalances, and internal imbalances, the crankshaft experiences lateral forces and due to the rise in temperature, the crankshaft undergoes thermal expansion, which pulls the crankshaft along the axial direction and lateral direction. The presence of unbalanced loads along the periphery of the crankshaft also induces a bending moment.