A hammer has a mass of 2.0kg and is moving horizontally at a speed of 6.0 m/s when it strikes a nail, driving it 2 cm farther into a piece of wood.   a. What was the kinetic energy of the hammer? b. What is the average force exerted on the nail by the hammer?

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Helmholtz Free Energy

The Helmholtz free energy is a thermodynamic potential used to calculate the measure of useful work from a closed system. This system is kept at constant temperature and volume. German physicist Hermann Helmholtz introduced this concept in 1882.