A gene is a unit of heredity that . All of these answers are true consists of a small strand of nucleotide pairs O in most cases, one allele is donated from each parent O is a portion of DNA found on a particular chromosome O codes for a protein that relates to a physical characteristic or trait
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- In the DNA, different alleles of a gene have a different sequence of ***18. Complete this flowchart to show how different alleles can result in different characteristics. different sequence of in transcription > different sequence of in a protein translation > different structure and function of the protein (e.g. normal enzyme vs. defective enzyme) > different characteristics (e.g. normal color vs. albino) In this section, you will analyze how different alleles of the hemoglobin gene can result in sickle cell ar vs. normal health. ***19. Compare the nucleotide sequence in the "Beginning of Normal Hemoglobin Gene" vs. the "Beginning of Sickle Cell Hemoglobin Gene". What is the only difference?True or false? Gene expression patterns can be inherited.James sees an online ad for an at-home genetic test that promises to deliver personalized nutritional advice based on an individuals genetic profile. The company can test for genetic variations, the advertisement states, that predispose individuals to developing health conditions such as heart disease and bone loss or that affect how they metabolize certain foods. If such variations are detected, the company can provide specific nutritional advice that will help counteract their effects. Always keen to take any steps available to ensure the best possible health for their family, James and his wife (Sally) decide that they both should be tested, as should their 11-year-old daughter (Patty). They order three kits. Once the kits arrive, the family members use cotton swabs to take cell samples from their cheeks and place the swabs in individually labeled envelopes. They mail the envelopes back to the company, along with completed questionnaires regarding their diets. Four weeks later, they receive three individual reports detailing the test results and providing extensive guidelines about what foods they should eat. Among the results is the finding that James has a particular allele in a gene that may make him vulnerable to the presence of free radicals in his cells. The report suggests that he increase his intake of antioxidants, such as vitamins C and E, and highlights a number of foods that are rich in those vitamins. The tests also show that Sally has several genetic variations that indicate that she may be at risk for elevated bone loss. The report recommends that she try to minimize this possibility by increasing her intake of calcium and vitamin D and lists a number of foods she could emphasize in her diet. Finally, the report shows that Patty has a genetic variation that may mean that she has a lowered ability to metabolize saturated fats, putting her at risk for developing heart disease. The report points to ways in which she can lower her intake of saturated fats and lists various types of foods that would be beneficial for her. A number of companies now offer genetic-testing services, promising to deliver personalized nutritional or other advice based on peoples genetic profiles. Generally, these tests fall into two different categories, with individual companies offering unique combinations of the two. The first type of test detects alleles of known genes that encode proteins that play an established role in, for example, counteracting free radicals in cells or in building up bone. In such cases, it is easy to see why individuals carrying alleles that may encode proteins with lower levels of activity may be more vulnerable to free radicals or more susceptible to bone loss. A second type of test examines genetic variations that may have no clear biological significance (i.e., they may not occur within a gene or may not have a detectable effect on gene activity) but have been shown to have a statistically significant correlation with a disease or a particular physiological condition. For example, a variation may frequently be detected in individuals with heart disease even though the reason for the correlation between the variation and the disease may be entirely mysterious. Do James and Sally have any guarantees that the tests and recommendations are scientifically valid?
- James sees an online ad for an at-home genetic test that promises to deliver personalized nutritional advice based on an individuals genetic profile. The company can test for genetic variations, the advertisement states, that predispose individuals to developing health conditions such as heart disease and bone loss or that affect how they metabolize certain foods. If such variations are detected, the company can provide specific nutritional advice that will help counteract their effects. Always keen to take any steps available to ensure the best possible health for their family, James and his wife (Sally) decide that they both should be tested, as should their 11-year-old daughter (Patty). They order three kits. Once the kits arrive, the family members use cotton swabs to take cell samples from their cheeks and place the swabs in individually labeled envelopes. They mail the envelopes back to the company, along with completed questionnaires regarding their diets. Four weeks later, they receive three individual reports detailing the test results and providing extensive guidelines about what foods they should eat. Among the results is the finding that James has a particular allele in a gene that may make him vulnerable to the presence of free radicals in his cells. The report suggests that he increase his intake of antioxidants, such as vitamins C and E, and highlights a number of foods that are rich in those vitamins. The tests also show that Sally has several genetic variations that indicate that she may be at risk for elevated bone loss. The report recommends that she try to minimize this possibility by increasing her intake of calcium and vitamin D and lists a number of foods she could emphasize in her diet. Finally, the report shows that Patty has a genetic variation that may mean that she has a lowered ability to metabolize saturated fats, putting her at risk for developing heart disease. The report points to ways in which she can lower her intake of saturated fats and lists various types of foods that would be beneficial for her. A number of companies now offer genetic-testing services, promising to deliver personalized nutritional or other advice based on peoples genetic profiles. Generally, these tests fall into two different categories, with individual companies offering unique combinations of the two. The first type of test detects alleles of known genes that encode proteins that play an established role in, for example, counteracting free radicals in cells or in building up bone. In such cases, it is easy to see why individuals carrying alleles that may encode proteins with lower levels of activity may be more vulnerable to free radicals or more susceptible to bone loss. A second type of test examines genetic variations that may have no clear biological significance (i.e., they may not occur within a gene or may not have a detectable effect on gene activity) but have been shown to have a statistically significant correlation with a disease or a particular physiological condition. For example, a variation may frequently be detected in individuals with heart disease even though the reason for the correlation between the variation and the disease may be entirely mysterious. Do you think that companies should be allowed to market such tests directly to the public, or do you believe that only a physician should be able to order them?James sees an online ad for an at-home genetic test that promises to deliver personalized nutritional advice based on an individuals genetic profile. The company can test for genetic variations, the advertisement states, that predispose individuals to developing health conditions such as heart disease and bone loss or that affect how they metabolize certain foods. If such variations are detected, the company can provide specific nutritional advice that will help counteract their effects. Always keen to take any steps available to ensure the best possible health for their family, James and his wife (Sally) decide that they both should be tested, as should their 11-year-old daughter (Patty). They order three kits. Once the kits arrive, the family members use cotton swabs to take cell samples from their cheeks and place the swabs in individually labeled envelopes. They mail the envelopes back to the company, along with completed questionnaires regarding their diets. Four weeks later, they receive three individual reports detailing the test results and providing extensive guidelines about what foods they should eat. Among the results is the finding that James has a particular allele in a gene that may make him vulnerable to the presence of free radicals in his cells. The report suggests that he increase his intake of antioxidants, such as vitamins C and E, and highlights a number of foods that are rich in those vitamins. The tests also show that Sally has several genetic variations that indicate that she may be at risk for elevated bone loss. The report recommends that she try to minimize this possibility by increasing her intake of calcium and vitamin D and lists a number of foods she could emphasize in her diet. Finally, the report shows that Patty has a genetic variation that may mean that she has a lowered ability to metabolize saturated fats, putting her at risk for developing heart disease. The report points to ways in which she can lower her intake of saturated fats and lists various types of foods that would be beneficial for her. A number of companies now offer genetic-testing services, promising to deliver personalized nutritional or other advice based on peoples genetic profiles. Generally, these tests fall into two different categories, with individual companies offering unique combinations of the two. The first type of test detects alleles of known genes that encode proteins that play an established role in, for example, counteracting free radicals in cells or in building up bone. In such cases, it is easy to see why individuals carrying alleles that may encode proteins with lower levels of activity may be more vulnerable to free radicals or more susceptible to bone loss. A second type of test examines genetic variations that may have no clear biological significance (i.e., they may not occur within a gene or may not have a detectable effect on gene activity) but have been shown to have a statistically significant correlation with a disease or a particular physiological condition. For example, a variation may frequently be detected in individuals with heart disease even though the reason for the correlation between the variation and the disease may be entirely mysterious. Do you think parents should be able to order such a test for their children? What if the test indicates that a child is at risk for a disease for which there is no known cure?James sees an online ad for an at-home genetic test that promises to deliver personalized nutritional advice based on an individuals genetic profile. The company can test for genetic variations, the advertisement states, that predispose individuals to developing health conditions such as heart disease and bone loss or that affect how they metabolize certain foods. If such variations are detected, the company can provide specific nutritional advice that will help counteract their effects. Always keen to take any steps available to ensure the best possible health for their family, James and his wife (Sally) decide that they both should be tested, as should their 11-year-old daughter (Patty). They order three kits. Once the kits arrive, the family members use cotton swabs to take cell samples from their cheeks and place the swabs in individually labeled envelopes. They mail the envelopes back to the company, along with completed questionnaires regarding their diets. Four weeks later, they receive three individual reports detailing the test results and providing extensive guidelines about what foods they should eat. Among the results is the finding that James has a particular allele in a gene that may make him vulnerable to the presence of free radicals in his cells. The report suggests that he increase his intake of antioxidants, such as vitamins C and E, and highlights a number of foods that are rich in those vitamins. The tests also show that Sally has several genetic variations that indicate that she may be at risk for elevated bone loss. The report recommends that she try to minimize this possibility by increasing her intake of calcium and vitamin D and lists a number of foods she could emphasize in her diet. Finally, the report shows that Patty has a genetic variation that may mean that she has a lowered ability to metabolize saturated fats, putting her at risk for developing heart disease. The report points to ways in which she can lower her intake of saturated fats and lists various types of foods that would be beneficial for her. A number of companies now offer genetic-testing services, promising to deliver personalized nutritional or other advice based on peoples genetic profiles. Generally, these tests fall into two different categories, with individual companies offering unique combinations of the two. The first type of test detects alleles of known genes that encode proteins that play an established role in, for example, counteracting free radicals in cells or in building up bone. In such cases, it is easy to see why individuals carrying alleles that may encode proteins with lower levels of activity may be more vulnerable to free radicals or more susceptible to bone loss. A second type of test examines genetic variations that may have no clear biological significance (i.e., they may not occur within a gene or may not have a detectable effect on gene activity) but have been shown to have a statistically significant correlation with a disease or a particular physiological condition. For example, a variation may frequently be detected in individuals with heart disease even though the reason for the correlation between the variation and the disease may be entirely mysterious. What kinds of regulations, if any, should be in place to ensure that the results of these tests are not abused?
- You may have heard about the diet that is based on a persons blood type and claims to restore the bodys natural genetic rhythms and improve health. Research may one day reveal exactly which foods might best turn on and off specific genes to defend against specific chronic diseases. No doubt marketers will rush to fill grocery shelves with foods manufactured to match genetic profiles. Why do you think these genetic approaches to diet and health might be more or less appealing than eating patterns that include a variety of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, milk products, and meats?The Link Between Genes and proteins The genetic material has to store information and be able to express it. What is the relationship among DNA, RNA, proteins, and phenotype?Clubfoot is a common congenital birth defect. This defect is caused by a number of genes but appears to be phenotypically distributed in a noncontinuous fashion. Geneticists use the threshold model to explain the occurrence of this defect. Explain this model. Explain predisposition to the defect in an individual who has a genotypic liability above the threshold versus an individual who has a liability below the threshold.
- Genetics in Practice case studies are critical-thinking exercises that allow you to apply your new knowledge of human genetics to real-life problems. Case study Michelle was a 42-year-old woman who had declined counselling and amniocentesis at 16 weeks of pregnancy but was referred for genetic counseling after an abnormal ultrasound at 20 weeks of gestation. After the ultrasound, a number of findings suggested a possible chromosome abnormality in the fetus. The ultrasound showed swelling under the skin at the back of the fetuss neck; shortness of the femur, humerus, and ear length; and underdevelopment of the middle section of the fifth finger. Michelles physician performed an amniocentesis and referred her to the genetics program. Michelle and her husband did not want genetic counseling before receiving the results of the cytogenetic analysis. This was Michelles third pregnancy; she and her husband, Mike, had a 6-year-old daughter and a 3-year-old son. At their next session, the counselor informed the couple that the results revealed trisomy 21, explored their understanding of Down syndrome, and elicited their experiences with people with disabilities. She also reviewed the clinical concerns revealed by the ultrasound and associated anomalies (mild to severe intellectual disability, cardiac defects, and kidney problems). The options available to the couple were outlined. They were provided with a booklet written for parents making choices after the prenatal diagnosis of Down syndrome. After a week of careful deliberation with their family, friends, and clergy, they elected to terminate the pregnancy. Do you think that this couple had the right to terminate the pregnancy in light of the prenatal diagnosis? If not, under what circumstance would a couple have this right? What other options were available to the couple?Non-Mendelian Genetics -Patterns of inheritance in which traits are not passed from -The two alleles of a gene are neither -Phenotypic outcomes can be -Examples include SUSTo understand this research, you must be familiar with some basic genetic terminology. Drag the terms on the left to the appropriate blanks on the right to complete the sentences. Not all terms will be used. dominant allele phenotype The possession of two different alleles of a particular gene is referred to as Reset Help A variation in a DNA sequence at one particular position is called a heterozygosity genotype recessive allele homozygosity single nucleotide polymorphism The appearance of the organism, its observable traits, are referred to as the A variant of a gene for which an individual must be homozygous in order for it to influence the appearance of the organism is a The set of alleles an organism has for a particular trait is the organism's Submit Request Answer