A cylinder head of a steam engine is held on by 14 bolts. The effective diameter of the cylinder is 35 cm and the steam pressure is 8.5 kg/cm2. Assuming that the bolts are not initially stressed, find the diameter of each of the bolts if the tensile stress is not to exceed 200 kg/cm2.

Figure 2.1. shows two long plates with same material and equal width w=20 mm that are subjected to a uniaxial tensile load o. One of the plates has a single small central hole with diameter 4mm and another plate has two small holes with a distance of 8mm from each other. The holes are perpendicular to the external tensile load. Develop a computer code (or simulation model) and analyze how stresses will be distributed at the tip of the holes in these two plates for different values of 0. 4mm Figure 2.1. 8mm 4mm

The heels on a pair of women's shoes have a radius of 5 cm at the bottom. If 30% of the weight of a woman 480N is supported by each heel, find the stress on each heel

20 (B) An air vessel, which is made of steel in 2 m long. It has an external diameter 44 cm and is 2 cm thick. 1. Calculate the permissible pressure difference allowed between the inside and outside if the longitudinal stress in the wall must not exceed 20 MPa. 2. Determine longitudinal and hoop strains. 3. Calculate the change in diameter and change in volume. Take E = 200 GPa and v = 0.3