Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
11th Edition
ISBN: 9780134580999
Author: Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Publisher: PEARSON
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Concept explainers

DNA and RNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is usually called the blueprint of life. Deoxyribose is a monosaccharide that has a key function in the synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid. One less oxygen-containing hydroxyl group occurs in deoxyribose sugar. Nucleic acid, d…
DNA as the Genetic Material
DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is a long polymeric nucleic acid molecule discovered in the late 1930s. It is a polymer; a long chain-like molecule made up of several monomers connected in a sequence. It possesses certain characteristics that qualify it a…
Genetics
The significant branch in science which involves the study of genes, gene variations, and the organism's heredity is known as genetics. It is also used to study the involvement of a gene or set of genes in the health of an individual and how it prevents …
DNA Replication
The mechanism by which deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is capable of producing an exact copy of its own is defined as DNA replication. The DNA molecules utilize a semiconservative method for replication.
Question
### Bacteriophage Replication Process A bacteriophage is a virus that infects bacterial cells. The diagram illustrates the structures and stages of bacteriophage replication, which include both the lytic and lysogenic pathways. Below, each stage is described with reference to the corresponding visual elements: 1. **Virus Injects DNA into Host Cell:** - The bacteriophage attaches to the bacterial cell surface and injects its DNA into the host cell. - This is represented by a virus-like structure attaching to a bacterial cell. 2. **Integration of Viral DNA (Lysogenic Pathway):** - The viral DNA integrates into the host's genome, combining with the host DNA. - Illustrated by the fused DNA within the host cell. 3. **Replication of Host Cells (Lysogenic Pathway):** - The bacterial cell replicates, unknowingly copying the viral DNA along with its own. - Depicted by bacterial cells undergoing division, showing multiple copies. 4. **Production of Viral Proteins (Lytic Pathway):** - The viral DNA takes over the host machinery to produce viral proteins necessary for new viruses. - Shown by the appearance of new viral components within the host. 5. **Assembly of New Viruses (Lytic Pathway):** - New virus particles are assembled inside the host cell. - Visible as newly formed virus structures within the host. 6. **Lysis of Host Cell (Lytic Pathway):** - The host cell bursts open, releasing newly formed viruses to infect more cells. - The diagram ends with host cells breaking apart and releasing viruses. The pathways illustrate how bacteriophages can both integrate into and destroy a host to spread infection, emphasizing their dual replication strategies. The diagram is a vital educational tool for understanding viral replication mechanisms in bacteria.
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Transcribed Image Text:### Bacteriophage Replication Process A bacteriophage is a virus that infects bacterial cells. The diagram illustrates the structures and stages of bacteriophage replication, which include both the lytic and lysogenic pathways. Below, each stage is described with reference to the corresponding visual elements: 1. **Virus Injects DNA into Host Cell:** - The bacteriophage attaches to the bacterial cell surface and injects its DNA into the host cell. - This is represented by a virus-like structure attaching to a bacterial cell. 2. **Integration of Viral DNA (Lysogenic Pathway):** - The viral DNA integrates into the host's genome, combining with the host DNA. - Illustrated by the fused DNA within the host cell. 3. **Replication of Host Cells (Lysogenic Pathway):** - The bacterial cell replicates, unknowingly copying the viral DNA along with its own. - Depicted by bacterial cells undergoing division, showing multiple copies. 4. **Production of Viral Proteins (Lytic Pathway):** - The viral DNA takes over the host machinery to produce viral proteins necessary for new viruses. - Shown by the appearance of new viral components within the host. 5. **Assembly of New Viruses (Lytic Pathway):** - New virus particles are assembled inside the host cell. - Visible as newly formed virus structures within the host. 6. **Lysis of Host Cell (Lytic Pathway):** - The host cell bursts open, releasing newly formed viruses to infect more cells. - The diagram ends with host cells breaking apart and releasing viruses. The pathways illustrate how bacteriophages can both integrate into and destroy a host to spread infection, emphasizing their dual replication strategies. The diagram is a vital educational tool for understanding viral replication mechanisms in bacteria.
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