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A 52-year-old male visits a local family medicine clinic. He has recently moved to the area and is looking for a new primary care physician. This is his first physical examination after turning 50. The physician suggests including a digital rectal examination and laboratory analysis of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels to screen for prostate cancer.
1. Which factor other than cancer or UTI can cause elevations in PSA results?
A). Presence of CA-125 antigen in addition to PSA
B). Collection of specimen before prostate manipulation
C). Enlarged or inflamed prostate gland
2. The benefits and harms of PSA testing have been studied, and the results are conflicting. Despite this controversy, which characteristic makes PSA an ideal antigen for tumor screening?
A). The antigen is produced by the tumor and found in a fluid that can be easily tested.
B). The antigen is found at clinically significant levels when the disease is still treatable.
C). The antigen is absent in individuals without the tumor.
D). The antigen does not give too many false-negative results.
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