States of Matter
The substance that constitutes everything in the universe is known as matter. Matter comprises atoms which in turn are composed of electrons, protons, and neutrons. Different atoms combine together to give rise to molecules that act as a foundation for all kinds of substances. There are five states of matter based on their energies of attraction, namely solid, liquid, gases, plasma, and BEC (Bose-Einstein condensates).
Chemical Reactions and Equations
When a chemical species is transformed into another chemical species it is said to have undergone a chemical reaction. It consists of breaking existing bonds and forming new bonds by changing the position of electrons. These reactions are best explained using a chemical equation.
![**Problem Statement:**
A 25.0 mL solution of HNO₃ is neutralized with 25.4 mL of 0.250 M Ba(OH)₂. What is the concentration of the original HNO₃ solution?
**Explanation:**
To solve this problem, we need to use the concept of neutralization and the balanced chemical equation between HNO₃ and Ba(OH)₂:
\[ 2 \, \text{HNO}_3 + \text{Ba(OH)}_2 \rightarrow \text{Ba(NO}_3)_2 + 2 \, \text{H}_2\text{O} \]
### Steps to Solve:
1. **Calculate Moles of Ba(OH)₂:**
- Volume of Ba(OH)₂ = 25.4 mL = 0.0254 L
- Molarity of Ba(OH)₂ = 0.250 M
\[
\text{Moles of Ba(OH)₂} = \text{Molarity} \times \text{Volume} = 0.250 \, \text{mol/L} \times 0.0254 \, \text{L} = 0.00635 \, \text{mol}
\]
2. **Use Stoichiometry to Determine Moles of HNO₃:**
- According to the balanced equation, 1 mole of Ba(OH)₂ reacts with 2 moles of HNO₃.
\[
\text{Moles of HNO₃} = 0.00635 \, \text{mol Ba(OH)₂} \times 2 = 0.0127 \, \text{mol HNO₃}
\]
3. **Calculate the Concentration of HNO₃:**
- Volume of HNO₃ = 25.0 mL = 0.025 L
\[
\text{Concentration of HNO₃} = \frac{\text{Moles of HNO₃}}{\text{Volume of HNO₃}} = \frac{0.0127 \, \text{mol}}{0.025 \, \text{L}} = 0.508 \, \text{M}
\]
**Summary:**
The](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2F6895f9cd-8521-4c9a-bc62-df11c4ac3cae%2Fa17b22fc-abf2-4546-8935-d2dd2768c221%2F8pz5zfc_processed.jpeg&w=3840&q=75)
Volume of HNO3 = 25.0 ml
Volume of Ba(OH)2 = 25.4 ml
molarity of Ba(OH)2 = 0.250 M
We need to calculate the concentration of the original HNO3 solution.
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