6. Hydrophilic hormones require a transmembrane protein to elicit changes in a cell, which portion of the transmembrane protein connects the inside of the cell to the external environment?

1. Which G protein activates Phospholipase C (PLC)? 2. What phospholipid does PLC cleave to produce second messengers? 3. What are the properties of these 2 second messengers? 4. Which second messenger opens a ligand gated ion channel in the ER? 5. Which hydrophobic second messenger activates protein kinase C? 6. Which hydrophilic second messenger activates protein kinase C by increasing cytosolic Ca2+ levels which allows Ca2+ to bind to PKC? Kinases 2 Phosphatidylinositol (PI) PI 3-kinase PLC PI 4,5-bis-phosphate (PI-4,5-bisP) Plasma membrane cog Diacylglycerol (DAG) Inositol 1,4,5-tris-phosphate (IP3) Second messengers PI 3,4,5-tris-phosphate (PI-3,4,5-trisP) domains 000 Docking site for pleckstrin homology Cell membrane PIP 20 Phospholipase C cleavage IP 3 VIVAL ER membrane 00 Calcium ion iii DAG Calcium ion Figure 13.12 Biochemistry, Third Edition 2015 W.H. Freeman and Company Diacylglycerol (DAG) Protein kinase C IP 3 receptor MY 99 Cytoplasm

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6. Which molecular targets are implicated in the mechanism of action of antitumour benzothiazoles (such as Phortress)? oestrogen receptor Depidermal growth factor receptor Darylhydrocarbon receptor cytochrome P450 2W1 cytochrome P450 1B1 cytochrome P450 1A1

3. What hospital-acquired condition do proton pump inhibitors help prevent?

F.28.   How will phosphorylation of serine change the pKa of Arg, increase, decrease, or no change

9. Describe the steps in the G-protein coupled receptor/adenylyl cyclase/CAMP - signaling pathway. What are examples of physiological processes in the body that use this pathway? What are two toxins that activate this pathway and prevent it from being turned off?

7. The following happens when a G-protein-coupled receptor activates a G protein? A. The B subunit exchanges its bound GDP for GTP. B. The GDP bound to the a subunit is phosphorylated to form bound GTP. C. The a subunit exchanges its bound GDP for GTP. D. It activates the a subunit and inactivates the By complex. 8. Which of the following statements is true? A. MAP kinase is important for phosphorylating MAP kinase kinase. B. PI 3-kinase phosphorylates a lipid in the plasma membrane C. Ras becomes activated when an RTK phosphorylates its bound GDP to create GTP D. STAT proteins phosphorylate JAK proteins, which then enter the nucleus and activate gene transcription 9. A cell can crawl through a tissue because of the proteins that can transmembrane bind to fibronectin outside of the cell. A. Integrin B. Collagen C. Gap junction D. Claudin 10. Which of the following genetic changes cannot convert a proto-oncogene into an oncogene A. A mutation that introduces a stop codon immediately…