5. Define the terms equilibrium potential and resting potential? What cellular components are responsible for establishing the resting potential?

13. Properties of male and female rat nociceptors that respond to painful mechanical stimuli (for instance a sharp tack) were recently studied by Hendrich, et al. (2012). The sensory endings of these nociceptors are found on the foot of the rat. They measured resting membrane potential (RMP) (Fig 2B) and action potential threshold (Fig 2C) in the nociceptors. The results and figure legend are shown below. Use the data (attached) to answer the following questions.   a. What category of sensory afferent are the authors studying?    b. What reflex(es) does this sensory afferent participate in?   c. What conclusions can the authors make based on the data shown in this figure? Speculate on what physiological/behavioral consequences there might be based on the findings.

Describe how resting potential is achieved and what ions are involved in it and what side of the cell membrane they are on.

If the membrane permeability for Nat were suddenly increased in an excitable cell: (select all that apply)

- Which of the following describes the concentration of K+ and Na+ ions in and around a resting neuron?1- K+ and Na+ ion concentrations are both higher outside of the cell.2- K+ ion concentration is higher inside of the cell, Na+ ion concentration is higher outside of the cell.3- K+ ion concentration is higher outside of the cell, Na+ ion concentration is higher inside of the cell.4- K+ and Na+ ion concentrations are similar inside of and outside of the cell. - An action potential:1- is a large change in polarization.2- is an "all-or-nothing" response.3- will travel down the length of the axon4- all of the above - What prevents action potentials from traveling away from synaptic terminals?1- Inactivation of Na+ channels behind the zone of depolarization.2- Inactivation of K+ channels behind the zone of depolarization.3- An increased in graded potential along the length of the axon.4- All of the above - Which brain region is incorrectly paired with one of its functions?1- midbrain -…

19. The resting potential is restored by A. Stimulation B. Sodium potassium pump C. Passive transport D. Osmosis

3.) Signals are passed from axon to axon when neurotransmitter molecules are released from the presynaptic axon and diffuses across a small distance, called the synaptic cleft, to reach the post synaptic axon. If the neurotransmitter released by the presynaptic axon is dopamine and the diffusion distance across the synaptic cleft is 20 nm then how long will it take to pass the signal? The viscosity of the interstitial fluid in the synapse is 0.012 Pa*s. (You must look up dopamine properties to solve) Synapse Suiknce Facts aut Synaptic vesicle Voltage-gated Ca? /channel Presynaptic neuron Neurotransmitter molecules Synaptic cleft lon channel receptor Postsynaptic- neuron

1. Now assume that you have a typical neuron that has very few Na+ channels open relative to the number of K+ channels.  This is the condition of a neuron that is at rest.  What will the resting membrane potential be?     2. Suppose a neuron’s resting potential is -70 mV. What will happen to the membrane potential if you could   open more K+ channels   open more Na+ channels

Based on the graph, the threshold voltage appears to be approximately. (Base your answer to this question on the graph below depicting an action potential.) +60 mV. +30 mV. 0 mV. −30 mV. −60 mV.

If K+ channels are blocked by TEA (tetraethyl ammonium), what happens to the equilibrium potential for K+?     Becomes more positive       Becomes more negative      Does not change