49. A healthy 27-year-old man ingests 500 mL of hypertonic saline (5%). Which of the following laboratory findings is most likely? A) Decreased plasma arginine vasopressin concentration OB) Decreased plasma osmolality C) Decreased urine flow rate D) Increased free water clearance
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- 49. A healthy 27-year-old man ingests 500 mL of hypertonic saline (5%). Which of the following laboratory findings is most likely? OA) Decreased plasma arginine vasopressin concentration B) Decreased plasma osmolality OC) Decreased urine flow rate OD) Increased free water clearanceWhich laboratory finding is indicative of acute kidney injury (AKI)? a) Increased serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels b) Decreased serum potassium levels c) Elevated white blood cell count d) Decreased serum calcium levels17. A 55-year-old man comes to the physician for a routine health maintenance examination. Blood pressure is 170/98 mm Hg. Diagnostic studies show stenosis in the lett renal artery The right renal artery is normal. Which of the following findings is most likely on further evaluation? OA) Decreased extracellular fluid volume B) Decreased plasma aldosterone concentration C) Increased plasma renin activity D) Increased serum potassium concentration OE) Increased 24-hour urinary sodium excretion
- Illustrate the process of bilirubin formation starting from red blood cell destruction. (Indicate where Unconjugated bilirubin and Conjugated bilirubin is formed. Draw a line separating pre-renal, renal and post-renal.)Explain the formation of dilute versus concentrated urine.Describe the characteristics of a normal urine sample, including a normal range of pH, osmolarity, and volume?
- Give three features of the PCT necessary for its role in selective reabsorption. Explain the role fearures.1.) What is urinalysis? Give its significance. 2.). Describe the gross normal physical characteristic of urine.1. A patient faints if he gets up out of bed too quickly. Which one of thefollowing events would most likely to account for such fainting?A)Reduced baroreflex function.B)Exaggerated increase in renal sympathetic nerve activity.C)A baroreflex-mediated reduction in heart rate.D)Increased blood pressure.E)Activation of the Cushing response.
- Please help me with these questions. More than one answer may be correct for each. 1) Podocytes are A) part of the glomerulus B) able to filter blood plasma components by size C) non-cellular D) surrounding capillaries in the Bowmans capsule E) contractile 2) How can diabetes insipidus occur? A) Kidneys not responding to vasopressin B) Abnormal thirst mechanism C) Lack of vasopressin production in the hypothalamus D) Transiently during pregnancy E) Drinking too much soda 3) Which of the following statements are true about protonephridia? A) They have a nephridiopore, which is an opening of a blind-ended duct. B) They are only present in animals with true body cavities C) have a conducting tubule. D) They have a coelom. E) They create lower pressure using a ciliated cell known as a flame cell.30, With respect to renal autoregulation, myogenic mechanism refers to Multiple Choice both glomerulus increase of blood flow and macula densa secreting renin are correct ability of macula densa to sense a increase in Na+ content in tubular fluid and secrete renin in response ability of a muscle to contract reflexively without nervous stimulation to adjust blood vessel diameter ability of glomerulus to increase blood flow and increase filtration rate(45) A 72 year old man is brought to the emergency department following a myocardial infarction. He dies in cardiogenic shock 12 hours later. Histologic examination of renal tissues obtained at autopsy shows swollen, pale tubular epithelial cells with normal appearing nuclear. Which of the following processes most likely caused these changes? (A) Decreased intracellular protein concentration (B) Exhaustion of intracellular glucose (C) Inadequate intracellular synthesis of ATP (D) Increased membrane permeability of water (E) Opening of Na+ channels in the plasma membranes