4. Write the overall balanced equation that summarizes glycolysis.

1.Enumerate the enzymes of the alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex and write its mechanism of action

2. Describe the role of each cofactor involved in the reaction catalyzed by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex.

1. List the 3 final products of glycolysis.

19. Clearly distinguish between the 3 parts of glycolysis.

7. In the ketone body pathway, both acetoacetate and B-hydroxy butyrate are produced and become additional fuel molecules for the organism. a. Define where these molecules are produced (both tissue type and location in the cell) and what tissue they "feed". b. Of these two molecules, which one is considered slightly better in delivering more energy to the target tissue? Why? c. How does acetone, another ketone body, participate in delivering fuel to target tissue? d. If acetoacetate decarboxylase enzyme was mutated and became inactive (zero enzyme activity), how would this affect the ketone pathway during these conditions: į. immediately after a meal, ii. under starvation conditions, iii. during unchecked (not being treated for) type-1 diabetes.

17. The prefix glycol comes from the Greek word that means “sweet” and the suffix lysis fromGreek word that means “to loosen” Explain how the meaning of these word parts arerelated to definition of glycolysis.

4. the first two reactions in glycolysis associated with unfavorable AG° values, i.e., AGº > 0, both produce a product with high phosphoryl group transfer potential. (ATP formation is not considered here.) Compare the two reactions and describe what the driving force is for both reactions that allows glycolysis to proceed to formation of pyruvate.

1. Answer the following questions about the flow chart below: phosphoglucomutase glucose glucose-6-phosphate glucose-1-phosphate ATP ADP UTP UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase glycogen synthase glycogen-glucose UDP-glucose + PP; (a) What metabolic process is this depicting? A. glycolysis B. gluconeogenesis C. glycogenolysis D. glycogenesis (b) Is this an anabolic or catabolic process? (c) What is the name of the enzyme that makes the transformation in the first step? (d) Phosphoglucomutase belongs to which of the six cdasses of enzymes? (e) What does "UTP" stand for? What kind of biological molecule is it?

7. What does aerobic mean vs anaerobic? 8. Using words and symbols, write the overall equation for cellular respiration.