4. The probability that a randomly chosen male has pneumonia problem is 0.40. Smoking has substantial adverse effects on the immune system, both locally and throughout the body. Evidence from several studies confirms that smoking is significantly associated with the development of bacterial and viral pneumonia. 80% of males who have pneumonia problem are smokers. Whilst 30% of males that do not have pneumonia problem are smokers. i. What is the probability that a male is chosen do not have pneumonia problem? ii. Determine the probability that a selected male has a pneumonia problem given that he is a smoker.

In the question below suppose that Q(x) is “x + 1 = 2x”, where x is a real number. Find the truth value of the statement. ∀xQ(x)

Construct a truth table to decide if the two statements are equivalent. ~p ∧ ~q; ~(p ∨ q) TRUE FALSE

What does the statement 'guess == 5' do? a. assigns the value 5 to guess b. if guess is not equal to 5, it assigns 5 to guess. If it is equal, it leaves guess alone. c. tests for inequality, resulting in True when guess is not equal to 5 d. tests for equality, resulting in True when guess is equal to 5   What does 'num > 5' test for? a. the value in num is greater than or equal to 5 b. the value in num is greater than 5 c. the value in num should be greater than 5 d. num will be set to 5   How are letters stored in memory? a. as ones and zeros using ASCII encoding b. directly c. letters cannot be stored in memory d. using public key encryption

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