4. Both the constant domains and variable domains of immunoglobulins are formed by beta-barrels.For each type of barrel briefly describe the following:a. How the barrels from the heavy and light chains interactb. The relative structure and significance of the loops between the beta strandsc. For the variable domain barrels, explain how the antigen binding site is formed5. Compare and contrast the structure and function of MHC I and MHC II.6. What are the specific physiological functions of myoglobin and hemoglobin? How does theirsensitivity to fluctuations in oxygen concentrations facilitate their function?

Beta-Barrels in Immunoglobulins:a. Interaction between Heavy and Light Chain Barrels: The constant…

Answered: 4. Both the constant domains and…

Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)

4th Edition

ISBN:9781305389892

Author:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan

Publisher:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan

Chapter45: Defenses Against Disease

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 5TYK

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14. Predominant cell types involved in the humoral immune response are: A. eosinophils. B. macrophages. C. neutrophils. D. B cells 15. T helper cells recognize which of the following? A. Exogenous peptide bound to class II MHC B. Native extracellular viral proteins C. Endogenous peptides bound to class I MHC D. Microbe-specific structures 16. How are cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells similar? A. Both require antibędy to be bound to the target cell. B. Both induce apoptesis in the target cell C. Both recognize peptide plus MHC class I. D. Both kill target cells lacking MHC class I. 17. Perforin and granzymes are used by which cells to kill target cells? A. CD8 T cells and CD4 T cells B. CD4 T cells and natural killer cells C. Natural killer cells and B cells D. CD8 T cells and natural killer cells
1. If an lg has a hydrophilic C terminus, then which of the following is true of the cell? The cell is a B cell and the immunoglobulin is bound to the membrane. A. B. C. D. E. The cell is a B cell and is producing IgA. The cell is a plasma cell and is secreting antibodies. The cell is an immature B cell and is secreting antibodies. The cell is a naive Plasma cell and is producing immunoglobulin.
7. Select ALL the TRUE statements regarding antibody (specifically, immunoglobulin G) structure. а. The antigen-binding site is located in the Fab portion. b. The antigen-binding site is formed as a combination of variable domains from one heavy and one light chain. Only the Fab portion has variable domains. Snip C. d. Only the Fe portion has constant domains. e. The Fc portion contains bound carbohydrate. The heavy and light chains are linked by disulfide bonds. The two heavy chains are linked by disulfide bonds. f. g. h. Only the Fc portion has constant domains.
6. The function of allelic exclusion is an increase in the ................of antibodies?. A.sensitivity B. diversity C. specificity D. affinity E. magnitude 7. The specificity of antibody secreted by a B-cell may not be the same as that of the surface Ig of the clonal parent because of: A Class switching B Somatic hypermutation D Alternative splicing E DNA recombination C Allelic exclusion
277. Which of the following best describes the reason that the B cell receptor cannot transduce signals to the inside the cell once it binds antigen? A. The receptor requires twice the amount of antigen to be activated because it contains two sites. antigen binding b. lga is rapidly dephosphorylated c. The cytoplasmic domain of the receptor consists of 3 amino acids. d. Immunoglobulins (Ig) are inflexible molecules
The five classes of immunoglobulin differ in …. Select one: a. None of the above b. Ability to bind various classes of antigens (viral, bacterial etc) c. Make up of the heavy and light chains d. Rate of mutation in the variable domain (i.e. speed at which each class can respond to a new antigen) e. Size of the variable domain
1. Which type of cell responds to the presentation of the viral spike protein on MHC I? Describe the cellular response, ending with the fate of the infected cell. 1a. The responding cell will replicate, and then the descendants will reside in the lymph and skin. What will happen if one of the descendent cells encounters the spike protein from SARS-CoV-2 from a cell infected with the virus? is this primary or secondary immune response?
6. What is an immunoglobulin? Describe the structure of an immunoglobulin molecule (light chain and heavy chain). ONLY ANSWER question (a) a. Explain the different actions of antibodies.
1. Antigens are made up of specific sequences of amino acids called ----- that determine their structure. A. epitopes B. multivalent sites C. paratropes D. constant regions 2. Which scenario best describes antibody cross-reactivity? A. A single pathogen with multiple epitopes is recognized by a multivalent antibody. B. Multipleepitopes are recognized by multiple antibodies C. A single epitope is recognized by multiple antibodies D. Two distinct, but structurally similar epitopes are recognized by the same antibody 3. What is the major benefit of cross-reactivity? A. Cross-reactivity permits the allergic response. B. Cross-reactivity promotes a faster immune response against unrelated pathogens. C. Cross-reactivity enhances immunity by providing protection against related pathogens. D. Cross-reactivity allows the immune system to respond to pathogens in various locations within the host (i.e., skin, mucosal tissues, extracellular fluids, etc.)
2. Why is the structure of IgG considered the model for all five immunoglobulin classes?
1.A given B cell expresses only maternally or paternally derived heavy chains but never both. This observation is the result of A. antibodydiversity.B. isotypeswitching.C. allelicexclusion.D. affinitymaturation.E. randomVJgenerearrangement. 2.Which of the following antibody classes or isotypes facilitate the sequential binding of the C1, C4, C2, and C3 components of the complement system? A. IgAandIgD B. IgAandIgE C. IgDandIgM D. IgE and IgG E. IgMandIgG
(1) In antibody structure, where are can we find unique variable domains? A. at the tip of each polypeptide chain B. on the stem region of the antibody C. at the bottom of each polypeptide chain D. only on immunoglobulin E (2) The stem region of the antibody determines the: A. general immunological mechanism of action B. specific inflammatory response C. specific immunological mechnism of action D. shape of the variable domains (3) Antibodies are proteins that consists of ------ polypeptides in a ------ shaped structure. A. three, X B. four, Y C. five, clover D. two, Y

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