3. Estimate th spherical

2. Breathing, or ventilation, is a cyclic process consisting of two stages, inspiration and expiration. Air only moves when there is a pressure gradient, moving from high pressure to low pressure. To ventilate, we must create pressure gradients that drive air through our airways into or out of our lungs. We need to change the air pressure in our alveoli. We achieve this using the principle described in Boyle's Law. Boyle's Law states that when temperature is held constant, pressure is inversely related to volume chamber increases, air pressure in that chamber decreases, and vice versa. By changing the size (volume) of the thoracic cage, we change pressure in our alveoli. To inhale, we must make our thoracic cage larger. To exhale, we must make our thoracic cage smaller. Label the diagram below, showing the muscles of our chest wall and diaphragm: that is, when volume of a (a) (b) (c) (d) 33

17 The diagram below represents what and win aced in Distilled water Red anion call-swells up Distilled water Red blood cell-bursts The best explanation for why the union cells do not baru, whale red blood cells often do, is that A the red blood cells have only a cell membrane, which does not protect them from bursting B. the onion cells do not have a cell wall that could protect them from bunzing Cthe oeion cells have a call membrane, which D the red blood cells have a cell wall, which does not protect them fum barsting

3. Some body structures of a human male are represented in the diagram below. An obstruction (blockage) in the structures labeled X would directly interfere with the * transfer of sperm to a female O production of sperm O production of urine O transfer of urine to the external environment

1. Salmon are anadromous fish and must deal with osmotic changes in their environment in extreme ways. Researchers have found that Na*/K* - ATPase is found in two different kinds of cells in the gill tissue. One type is found in the filament bases that appear to be active when salmon are adults only. The other types of cells are found in the lamellae folds and appear to be active during its juvenile stages. Speculate on these findings as to how this allows salmon to complete their unique life cycle. 2. Furosemide is a diuretic, causing increased urine production. Its mechanism inhibits a Na-K-2Cl symporter in the thick portion of the ascending loop of Henle. Explain how this drug causes increased urine production? 3. Mammals, with some exceptions, are the only vertebrates with medullary nephron. All other vertebrates only have a cortical nephron. What does this mean for the osmolarity of the renal filtrate for these vertebrates and what problems might this present? How do think they…

12. White blood cells can engulf very large objects such as bacteria using C. Osmosis A. Exocytosis

5. If you compared the organ weights of a runt piglet with a normal-sized littermate, what organ would you expect to be most similar in weight between the two animals, and why?