3. Briefly describe what can be considered some abnormal cytological changes A. nuclear size and shape B. increased nuclear staining by dyes C. increased ratio of nuclear versus cytoplasmic size D. All the above

2. Two examples of chemotherapeutic drugs (drugs used to treat cancer) and their cellular actions are listed below. Explain why each drug could be fatal to a cell. a. Vincristine: damages the mitotic spindle

4. Briefly list three mechanisms by which monoclonal antibodies that bind to tumor surface antigens, such as anti-CD20, cause killing of tumor cells.

6 please answer this

9. Viruses are considered to be harmful for biotic components on Earth. However, one virus helped scientists solving the puzzle of which component of cell is the hereditary material.  What did the virus conclude? , Which virus was used? , How did the virus help in the conclusion? Explain in details.

2. An 82-year-old male is admitted to the hospital with a chief complaint of a constant, dull back pain. Labora- tory tests are conducted and show an elevated alkaline phosphatase level. The patient spends several weeks in the hospital and he dies several weeks later. An autopsy shows his vertebra contain nodular lesions. What is the probable diagnosis? a. b. Where is the primary site for the pathology? What are the common cancers that metastasize to the bone? С.

4. Compare and contrast ESCs and iPSCS by considering the following: B) List two ethical considerations for using each cell line.

4. Name the phase of the cell cycle each of the labeled cells is likely in. A B F Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Ine. publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings А: D: G: B: E: H: С: F:

5. complication management in management of chemotherapy?

8.