3) Describe the effects of the following malconstructions of the theodolite/total station, including diagrams and explain how the effects may be dealt with in practice to minimise errors in angular observations. i. Eccentricity of instrument centres ii. Imperfect graduations iii. Plate bubble maladjustment iv. Line of sight not perpendicular to trunnion (horizontal) axis v. Horizontal axis not perpendicular to vertical axis.

Structural Analysis
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Author:KASSIMALI, Aslam.
Publisher:KASSIMALI, Aslam.
Chapter2: Loads On Structures
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3) Describe the effects of the following malconstructions of the theodolite/total station, including diagrams and
explain how the effects may be dealt with in practice to minimise errors in angular observations.
i. Eccentricity of instrument centres
ii. Imperfect graduations
iii. Plate bubble maladjustment
iv. Line of sight not perpendicular to trunnion (horizontal) axis
v. Horizontal axis not perpendicular to vertical axis.
Transcribed Image Text:3) Describe the effects of the following malconstructions of the theodolite/total station, including diagrams and explain how the effects may be dealt with in practice to minimise errors in angular observations. i. Eccentricity of instrument centres ii. Imperfect graduations iii. Plate bubble maladjustment iv. Line of sight not perpendicular to trunnion (horizontal) axis v. Horizontal axis not perpendicular to vertical axis.
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