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- In the proton–proton chain, a. no neutrinos are produced. b. energy is released because a helium nucleus has a greater mass than a hydrogen nucleus. c. no photons are produced. d. carbon serves as a catalyst for the nuclear reaction. e. energy is produced in the form of gamma rays and the velocity of the created nuclei.2. Assume that the entire luminosity of the Sun is due to the PP chain reaction. The complete PP chain reaction converts 4 hydrogen nuclei into 1 helium nucleus, according to the following reaction: 4 H - He + 2e* + 2v. a. Estimate the amount of energy released by one complete reaction. b. Estimate how many of these reactions occur per second in the Sun, and how many neutrinos the Sun produces each second. c. Estimate the flux of neutrinos (in v's s' cm?) passing through the Earth.1. What is fusion? a. What is it used for? b. What is the beginning atoms? c. What is the end result (3
- 2. What will be formed when a protium and a deuterium fuse together?3. Which isotope of helium is the final product of proton-proton chain reaction?1. Describe the process to produce Fluorine-18 radionuclide from a cyclotron. The nuclear reaction equation is 180(R.n)1$F2. What are nuclear fusion and fission processes? Explain the release of energy in these processes.
- QUESTION 2 How much energy, in joules, is released when 50 kg of hydrogen is converted to helium by nuclear fusion? a. 1.05 x 108 O b. 6.30 x 1016 OC. 3.15 x 1016 O d. 6.30 x 1015 O e. 3.15 x 10171- One of your classmates asks if he should set alpha at .05 or .01. What do you recommend and why?1.Write the equations of the proton-proton reaction chain. See to it that the number of protons and neutrons are equal in both sides. 1H + _____ > _____ + c+v _____ + 1H > _____ + y 3He + ______ > ____ + 1H _______ 2. Explain your idea why the reaction is called proton-proton reaction? 3. In the entire process, how many protons were used in 4He?
- 2. Calculate energy release in fusion of 1°B. (Eb for 10B is 64.751 MeV and E, for 20NE is 160.645 MeV)What must you know about a nuclear reaction to calculate the amount of energy it will produce? A. The product of the total nuclear mass before and after the reaction B. The ratio of total nuclear mass before the reaction to the total nuclear mass after the reaction C. The sum of the total nuclear mass before and after the reaction D. The difference between the total nuclear mass before and after the reactiona. Why is the binding energy per nucleon (from figure) low at low mass number? at high mass number?b. The half life of radio-active isotopes is 140 days. How many days would it take for the activity of the sample of this isotope to fall to one-forth of its initial decay rate? c. Element X has several isotopes. What do these isotopes has in common? How many they differ?