10. Patient activation is a measure of how prepared the patient is to manage their own healthcare needs or seek out information concerning that care. Researchers examined were interested in examining patient activation for cancer survivors and asked each cancer patient about their preparation related to their follow- cancer care and also about their healthcare issues handled by their primary care physician. Specifically researchers were interested in measuring the similarity between patient activation (level 1, 2, 3, 4) with respect to their cancer care and patient activatio with respect to primary care-related issues (e.g., cholesterol, diabetes, etc.). Identify which analysis approach is the most appropriate for this investigation? a. Kappa Statistic b. Gamma Statistic c. CMH (row 1) d. Spearman correlation e. Pearson chi-square

he paper "From Dr. Kildare to Grey's Anatomy"† describes several studies of how the way in which doctors are portrayed on television might influence public perception of doctors. One study was described as follows. Rebecca Chory, Ph.D., now an associate professor of communication at West Virginia University, began studying the effect of such portrayals on patients' attitudes toward physicians. Using a survey of 300 undergraduate students, she compared perceptions of physicians in 1992—the end of the era when physicians were shown as all-knowing, wise father figures—with those in 1999, when shows such as ER and Chicago Hope (1994–2000) were continuing the transformation to showing the private side and lives of physicians, including vivid demonstrations of their weaknesses and insecurities. Dr. Chory found that, regardless of the respondents' personal experience with physicians, those who watched certain kinds of television had declining perceptions of physicians' composure and regard…

Does social rejection hurt? We often describe our emotional reaction to social rejection as “pain." Does social rejection cause activity in areas of the brain that are known to be activated by physical pain? If it does, we really do experience social and physical pain in similar ways. Psychologists first included and then deliberately excluded individuals from a social activity while they measured changes in brain activity. After each activity, the subjects filled out question- naires that assessed how excluded they felt. The table below shows data for 13 subjects. “Social distress" is measured by each subjecť's questionnaire score after exclusion relative to the score after inclusion. (So val- ues greater than 1 show the degree of distress caused by exclusion.) “Brain activity" is the change in activity in a region of the brain that is activated by physical pain. (So positive values show more pain.) Subject Social distress Brain activity 1 1.26 -0.055 1.85 -0.040 3 1.10 -0.026 4 2.50…

How might the absence of data screening affect a researcher’s data quality, their interpretations of the data, and thereby their interpretations of their study’s findings?