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- Stathmin is phosphorylated by cyclin dependent kinases in response to extracellular signals such as growth factors. To further understand the role of phosphorylation in stathmin function, you decide to treat cells with growth factors in the presence or absence of phosphatase and observe microtubule dynamics. Based on the known function of stathmin, and phosphorylation of stathmin, how would you expect phosphatase treatment to affect microtubule dynamics? A. Decreased frequency of catastrophe in the presence of phosphatase, compared to untreated control B. Increased frequency of catastrophe in the presence of phosphatase, compared to untreated control C. Rapid microtubule polymerization in the presence of phosphatase, compared to untreated control D. Catastrophe frequency is the same in phosphatase treated and control cellsSelect the most accurate explanation for how vesicular transport occurs when a receptor is moving from the plasma memberane to the late endosome/lysosome. A. Endosomes containing the receptor are transported by myosin II walking towards the minus end of microtubules. Endosomes are targeted to the late endosome/lysosome by Rab and SNARES facilitate membrane fusion. B. Endosomes containing the receptor are transported by myosin V walking towards the minus end of microtubules. Endosomes are targeted to the late endosome/lysosome by Rab and SNARES facilitate membrane fusion. OC. Endosomes containing the receptor are transported by dyenin walking towards the minus end of microtubules. Endosomes are targeted to the late endosome/lysosome by Rab and SNARES facilitate membrane fusion. D. Endosomes containing the receptor are transported by kinesin-13 walking towards the plus end of microtubules. Endosomes are targeted to the late endosome/lysosome by clathrin and SNARES facilitate membrane…1. Assume that the cell is spherical and that no other cellular components are present; actin molecules are spherical, with a spherical shape and a spherical shape. A. How many molecules of actin might this cell hold if it were a muscle cell (myocyte)? 3.6 nm in diameter which the sphere volume is 4/3 πr ³ ) B. If this were a liver cell of the same dimensions, how many mitochondria could it hold? with a diameter of mitochondria spherical, 1.5 μm.
- 1-what are the largest element of the cytoskeleton and can dynamically grow and shrink by the addition or subtraction of tubulin subunits. 2-Many less dynamic, more permanent cellular structures such as the nuclear lamina have (????) as the major cytoskeletal component Microtubules Intermediate filaments Microfilaments 3-when a ligand binds a (????) the conformation of the receptor changes, opening a selective pore. GPCR Ligand gated ion channel Ligandase pore Voltage gated ion channelMicrotubules are important for transporting cargo in nerve cell axons, as diagrammed in Figure Q17- 33. Notice that the two types of cargo are traveling in opposite directions. Which of the following statements is likely to be false? cell body microtubule axon Figure Q17-33 inward transport axon terminal The black cargo and the gray cargo require ATP hydrolysis for their motion. The gray cargo is attached to dynein. outward transport The black cargo and the gray cargo are moving along microtubules of opposite polarity. The black cargo moving toward the axon terminal contains a domain that specifically interacts with the tail domain of a particular kind of motor.The drug cytocholasin is known to bind to the ends of actin fibers. It does not affect striated muscle contraction, but it completely inhibits motility and changes in cell shape in eukaryotic cells. What do these findings suggest?
- Animal cells utilize rapid increases in cytosolic Ca++ ion concentration to respond to certain extracellular signals. This requires keeping the cytosolic Ca++ ion concentration very low in the absence of signal (when the cell is “at rest”) and increasing the cytosolic Ca++ ion concentration when a signal is detected. Propose a mechanism by which the action of Ca++ transport proteins in the plasma membrane can account for the reversibility of Ca++ levels in the cytosol. Be sure to indicate whether active or passive transport is involved as well as the type of transport protein (channel or carrier) responsible.Give 4 similarities and 4 differences between and nature and/or role of membrane potentials in a neuron and in a mitochondrion.Actin filaments in a test tube: O a. undergo disassembly if the concentration of free ATP-bound actin monomers is very high and latrunculin is added O b. rapidly grow if the concentration of free ATP-bound actin monomers is very high and a latrunculin is added O c. undergo treadmilling if the concentration of free ATP-bound actin monomers is intermediate and phalloidin is added O d. rapidly grow if the concentration of free ATP-bound actin monomers is intermediate and cytochalasin is added
- Select the correct statement regarding the actin cytoskeleton. They are involved in the formation of the axoneme. Actin microfilaments are the most stable cytoskeleton network. Can undergo catastrophe due to GTP hydrolysis-mediated conformational changes. Synthesis and degradation of actin microfilaments is directional, with g-actin subunits added only to the + end of the microfilament while depolymerization occurs at the - end. From the list below, select the correct statements regarding the genetic code. Codons code for 30 distinct amino acids. The basis of the genetic code are codons. The genetic code has a possible 64 different codons. The genetic code has built-in degeneracy. Codons are formed by 5 consecutive nucleotides.Actin filaments, microtubules, and bacterial flagella are all built from small subunits. Describe three advantages of assembling long filamentous structures from subunits rather than from single, long proteins.Although purified actin can assemble reversibly in vitro, various actin-binding proteins regulate the assembly of actin filaments in the cell. Predict the effect on a cell’s actin cytoskeleton if function-blocking antibodies against each of the following were independently microinjected into cells: profilin, thymosin-β4, CapZ, and the Arp2/3 complex.