1. Write a short note on transcription. What is TFBS? What is the role of RNA polymerase?
Q: Which one of the following amino acids is phosphorylated during the process of promoter clearance by…
A: In eukaryotes RNA Polymerase II is responsible for the synthesis of mRNA. The largest subunit of Pol…
Q: draw all the structures of the tribasic amino acid lysine involved in the equilibrium reactions that…
A: The proteins are composed of 20 naturally occurring amino acids. The amino acids can be classified…
Q: Consider a uniport system where a carrier protein transports an uncharged substance A across a cell…
A: ∆G = R T ln (Ainside /Aoutside) Where G is free energy change for the transport of uncharged…
Q: What explains the 10,000 to 1 selectivity of the potassium channel for K+ over Na+ considering that…
A: Channels are membrane proteins that allow biomolecules or ions to pass through them. Ion selective…
Q: 1. Under what circumstances in the cell would the entire pentose phosphate pathway be carried out…
A: In animal tissues, glucose has two possible fates: be oxidised into carbon dioxide and water by…
Q: Mnemonic about the UREA CYCLE that is not from the internet. Thank you.
A: Urea cycle is also known as the Ornithine cycle. In urea cycle urea is produced from ammonia. Urea…
Q: What is dideoxy sequencing? Explain it please.
A: Introduction DNA or deoxynucleotide acts as genetic material in our body. DNA contains nitrogenous…
Q: Question 20 of 25 The figure below illustrates what reactions of amino acids? coo C=0 CH₂ CH₂ =0 00…
A: Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins. they exhibit different physical and chemical…
Q: Which of the following is associated with the process of ATP re-synthesis during exercise? a.…
A: During exercise, the muscles are reliant upon the ATP molecules. ATPs provide the energy essential…
Q: Electron Transport Chain, what purpose does it serve in Catabolic pathway?
A: -Anabolism and catabolism are the two main components of metabolism. - The metabolic process known…
Q: The octapeptide gly-cys-met-asn-lys-ala-tyr-gly was hydrolyzed consecutively by CNBr and then…
A: The octapeptide gly-cys-met-asn-lys-ala-tyr-gly was hydrolyzed consecutively by CNBr and then…
Q: of the gluconeogenesis wing is not true? A. Phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1) and…
A: Glycolysis - is a process in which one mole of glucose is partially oxidized into two moles of…
Q: Write the schematic diagram of lodine Value Determination as shown in the video by Amrita Vlab:
A: Simple fats are triglycerides. Triglycerides or triacylglycerols are fatty acid esters of glycerol.…
Q: The degradation of nutrients for energy is also known as oxidative metabolism. True False
A: Metabolism is the total of all chemical transformation that takes place in a living cell. One…
Q: When doing automated sequencing, on the other hand, all 4 dideoxynucleotides are added to the same…
A: The genetic information is encoded in the sequence of DNA that is the genetic material. The Sanger…
Q: Give 2 structural features in each of the given proteins below that make them perform their…
A: Hemoglobin is an oligomeric, conjugated protein with four polypeptides. The function of the…
Q: 3. Given the following peptide sequence, GSICDNCR, the estimated net charge at the given pH is: a)…
A: Peptides: Organic substances known as amino acids include both amino and carboxylic acid functional…
Q: 10. Can any of the sidechains of the amino acids in oxytocin participate in forming ionic bonds?…
A: Oxytocin is a peptide hormone, composed of 9 amino acids with amino acid sequence CYIQNCPLG. It is…
Q: 1. What is the superhelical density (o) of a closed-circular DNA with a length of 4,200 bp and a…
A: Supercoiling is the coiling of a coil. Now, whether the coil coils in a left-handed direction or…
Q: The gels we will be using for electrophoresis during the next lab consist of 1% agarose. Suppose you…
A: There are different ways to denote the concentration of a solution. Per cent (w/v) means there is 1…
Q: Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding oxidative phosphorylation? The pH is higher in…
A: Cellular respiration is a collection of three metabolic pathways that generate ATP by oxidation of…
Q: Question 23 of 25 Among the given statements, which ones describe the lysosomes? Select the correct…
A:
Q: Amino acid sequence in a protein that can form N-glycosylation is called a glycosylation sequon.…
A: N-linked glycosylation is a post-translational modification process that occurs in the endoplasmic…
Q: Glycolysis Glucose Pyruvate Pyruvate Oxidation Citric Acid Cycle Oxidative Phosphorylation (electron…
A: Introduction Cell requires energy for the various activities. Cell gets energy by cellular…
Q: Chemistry Most of the reactions in gluconeogenesis are the simple reversal of the ‘forward’…
A: In gluconeogenesis pathway, the formation of phosphoenolpyruvate from oxaloacetate is catalyzed by…
Q: Review the following statements and discuss whether each one is correct, incorrect or partially…
A: Glycolysis is a major metabolic pathway in which glucose is breaken down to pyruvate and forming ATP…
Q: In order to study protein structures and functions, many protein techniques have been developed for…
A: Proteins are composed of twenty standard amino acids attached together via peptide bonds. These…
Q: 4. Transketolase transketolase requires a lysine in the active site while requires the cofactor TPP.
A: Transketolase is an enzyme that connects the pentose phosphate pathway to glycolysis. This enzyme is…
Q: ATP stock (50 µM): Make pre-dilutions with 20, 15, 10, 5, 2,5 and 1,25 µM ATP (1000 μL of each)…
A: Molarity is a way of representing the concentration of a solution. Molarity is the number of moles…
Q: What is the product of the beta oxidation of this fatty acid?
A: The given fatty acid is caproic acid. Beta-oxidation is the oxidation of fatty acid on the…
Q: Which of the following is NOT a naturally-occurring amino acid? A) B) C) D) H₂NCH-COO CH3 H₂NCH-COO…
A: The proteins are composed of twenty naturally occurring amino acids. These amino acids are alpha…
Q: 4) For various amino acid pairs (for example: F to A, E to R, D to N, V to L, S to W), ask yourself:…
A: Amino acids are biomolecules that have an amino group and a carboxyl group linked to the same carbon…
Q: OH i ACP Suppose that a "snapshot" of FA synthase was taken and the above (drawn) intermediate…
A: The given reaction is from fatty acid biosynthesis that occurs in the cytoplasm. Fatty acid…
Q: Which of the following are true about oxaloacetate? It can cross mitochondrial membranes It is an…
A: Glycolysis is a pathway which breaks down glucose into two three-carbon compounds and produces…
Q: What is Oxidative phosphorylation and why is it needed in the catabolic pathways you have studied…
A: Cellular respiration - It is a catabolic process that breaks down large molecules into smaller ones…
Q: Please write down the DNA sequence inferred from the below DNA gel. Shown are the products of a…
A: DNA is the genetic material in most living organisms. The information in a DNA molecule is encoded…
Q: What is epistasis, and what is pleiotropy? Describe with examples.
A: “Since you have asked multiple question, we will solve the first question for you. If youwant any…
Q: Which test can you use to distinguish a monosaccharide from a disaccharide? hexoses from pentoses?…
A: Any of the fundamental substances that form the basis of carbohydrates are referred to as simple…
Q: 384 Hemoglobin: Allostery and Evolution Q5.1 - 2,3-BPG is a negative allosteric regulator of…
A: Hemoglobin (Hb) is a protein that is found in red blood cells. A specific protein called haemoglobin…
Q: a) What is the Kd you measure for this interaction?
A: INTRODUCTION : Actin - Actin is a family of globular multi-functional proteins which form…
Q: Why do some starch products set as they cool?
A: Introduction Starch is a carbohydrate which is commonly found in nature like wheat, rice, potatoes…
Q: Place the following enzymes in the correct order of action RNA 5' triphosphatase RNA polymerase II…
A: The newly synthesised mRNA is called the primary transcript. Before the primary transcript can be…
Q: When a protein is folded in aqueous solution, some residues are driven inside to form a “hydrophobic…
A: Introduction Proteins are the most abundant macromolecule present in our body. Proteins performs…
Q: DNA: What happens in each stage or phase of transcription (initiation, elongation, termination)?
A: Transcription is the process of Synthesis of mRNA from DNA by RNA polymerase. It uses 3'-5' strand…
Q: 7. H 1 H-C -OH H-C-OH 1 H -C 8. H 9. НО I 1 H J=D 0=)) с HIV-H OH HH -C-C-H I OH OH F-DIE-DI - CH…
A: 7. Chemical formula for structure number 7. = C4H8O4 or C4(H2O)4. Yes, this structure is a…
Q: Due to the change from glutamate to valine in the beta-globin chain, HbS is bigger in mass than HbA.…
A: Sickle cell anemia is caused due to substitution of Valine in place of Glutamate due to a point…
Q: HN₁ O=C₂ G N IZ Which of the following nitrogenous bases is represented by this structure? CH CH 6
A: Nitrogenous bases or nucleotides are the structural components of DNA and RNA. Nucleotides are of…
Q: Use the data below to answer the following question: How much more energy is stored in a gram of fat…
A: A heterogeneous class of substances with comparatively similar physical characteristics are referred…
Q: What charged groups are present in lysine at a pH = 7?
A: Amino acids are building blocks of proteins. The alpha carbon of amino acids consist of amine group,…
Q: 1. You were asked to prepare 1.0 L of a 0.10 M solution of sulfuric acid from a 3.0 M solution of…
A: Solutions of different concentrations of salts and acids need to be prepared for routine laboratory…
Gene Interactions
When the expression of a single trait is influenced by two or more different non-allelic genes, it is termed as genetic interaction. According to Mendel's law of inheritance, each gene functions in its own way and does not depend on the function of another gene, i.e., a single gene controls each of seven characteristics considered, but the complex contribution of many different genes determine many traits of an organism.
Gene Expression
Gene expression is a process by which the instructions present in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) are converted into useful molecules such as proteins, and functional messenger ribonucleic (mRNA) molecules in the case of non-protein-coding genes.
1. Write a short note on transcription. What is TFBS? What is the role of RNA polymerase?
2. What do you understand by cis & trans regulations? Describe.
Answer all the part in detail...
Step by step
Solved in 2 steps
- 1.Differentiate transcription in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. 2.Discuss the encoding of genetic information.1.Describe the journey of a protein, from its synthesis to its final destination 2. Explain the different stages of transcription and the role of the elements involved with the right terminology (template vs. non-transcribed strand, promoter, stop sequence, TATA box, general and specific transcription factors, RNA polymerase II, etc.); 3. Explain what the maturation (modifications) of pre-messenger RNA consists of and its role1. What is a consensus sequence? What are the components of RNA polymerase and what are their functions? 2. Describe the steps involved with transcription initiation.? Describe the steps involved with transcription elongation. 3. Describe the steps involved with transcription termination. A consensus sequence is a sequence of DNA,RNA, or protein that has aligned sequence.
- 1. A DNA base sequence transcribed into messenger RNA in the following sequence: TTATCTTCGGGAGAGAAAACA. a. If you read from left to right, what amino acids are coded by this sequence? (Note: The initiation sequence is disregarded in this example.) b. If proflavine treatment caused the deletion of the first adenine nucleotide on the left, describe the changes that would occur in the first six amino acids coded by this sequence?1. Discuss how cholesterol is transported between tissues in plasma lipoproteins. 2. When a gene is being transcribed, the nitrogenous base code must be made available for reading by polymerizing enzymes. Discuss where it begins?3a. Select all the correct types of RNA that are both the product of transcription and are also translated in the cytoplasm. ☐ snRNAs ☐ pre-tRNAs ☐ rRNA ☐ tRNA ☐ miRNA ☐ mRNA 3b. The ribozyme found in the ribosome catalyzes ... (which of the following?) a. the synthesis of pre-mRNA as part of the transcription process. b. the formation of the peptide bond. c. the association between the large and small ribosomal subunits. d. a reaction that uses RNA as a substrate.
- 6. Similar to the class notes (Intro to Genetics), a segment of DNA (shown below) contains a promoter segment (the first 9 base pairs), a ribosome binding segment (the next 6 base pairs), and a segment that codes for protein synthesis which is started by the rest of the base pairs. ACTCCATTGAACCATTTCTATGATCCGCTAACG-... TGAGGTAACTTGGTAAAGATACTAGGCGATTGC-... A. When the DNA is induced to be copied to mRNA, the top strand is coding, meaning that the mRNA makes an identical copy of the lower strand (replacing T with U) The mRNA copy starts with the ribosome binding sequence. What is the sequence of the mRNA that will go to the ribosomes? B. What are the first 6 amino acids of the protein that are coded for by the mRNA? C. What would the amino acid sequence be if... i. a transition mutation occurred on the final G in the mRNA? ii. all of the G & C bases in the protein synthesis portion had transition mutations? iii. a point deletion mutation occurred in the ATA sequence (in the lower strand…6. Indicate whether each of the following events occurs when tryptophan is high or when tryptophan is low by placing a check in each of the appropriate blanks. Share your reasoning. Tryptophan Tryp high Event Ribosome does not stall at Trp codons Region 2 of the leader pairs with region 3 Ribosome covers part of region 2 of leader Transcription is terminated before structural genes are transcribed1. What is the production of RNA called and what is the enzyme that catalyzes the process? 2. What are the similarities and differences between the transcription process and the repli- cation processes? 3. Concerning their biological function what is the difference between DNA and RNA? 4. Is there any situation in which DNA is made based on a RNA template? If there is, explain with an example how it occurs and state the enzyme involved? 5. What is the difference between plasma membrane and cell wall? 6. What are the main respective constituents of cell walls in bacteria, protists, fungi and ts? 7. What are the main structures within the cell nucleus? 8. Describe the basic constituents of the cell membrane? 9. What is cellular regeneration? How is mitosis related to this process? 10. What are the respective functions of phospholipids, proteins and carbohydrates of the cell membrane?
- 1. Transcription: a)State the role of RNA polymerase in gene transcription.b. Explain why the DNA is not used directly for protein translation (i.e., why is mRNA used instead?).c. Explain what occurs when a gene’s promoter region is open for RNA polymerase binding.d. Explain what occurs when a gene’s promoter regions is blocked from binding RNA polymerase.e. Explain how two cells, such as liver cells and skin cells, can become specialized in structure and function despite containing the same genome.1. What is the production of RNA called and what is the enzyme that catalyzes the process?2. What are the similarities and differences between the transcription process and the repli-cation processes?3. Concerning their biological function what is the difference between DNA and RNA?4. Is there any situation in which DNA is made based on a RNA template? If there is,explain with an example how it occurs and state the enzyme involved?5. What is the difference between plasma membrane and cell wall?1. Draw your own version of the Central Dogma below, being sure to include the terms translation, transcription and synthesis. 2. Fill in the following chart regarding the Central Dogma: Transcription Translation Goal (outcome) Required molecules Location where it Occurs Post-event modifications 3. Identify the three main types of RNA and explain the function of each. 4. What is the genetic code and what is it used for?