1. What is the evidence that prokaryotes preceded eukaryotes on the planet? What is some of the evidence that eukaryotic cells are descended from prokaryotic cells?
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- 6. Would the following ancestral cell have been a prokaryote or an early eukaryote? Briefly explain your answer. |1. Serial endosymbiosis is the most supported theory on how the first eukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotic cells. The figure depicts the evolution of eukaryotic cells which include links to prokaryotic cells from early in the history of life. Identify the cellular structures involved in the connection of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. Describe the characteristics of the cellular structures that supports the evolutionary connection. а.. Which of the following prokaryotic kingdoms is characterized by the absence of a nucleus, the absence of histone proteins, the presence of fatty acids ester-linked to glycerol in their G-3-P cell membrane, and the presence of enzymes for constructing a peptidoglycan cell wall? kingdom Archaeobacteria kingdom Animalia kingdom Fungi kingdom Plantae kingdom Eubacteria
- in 1967, Lynn Margulis developed the endosymbiotic theory. As seen in the diagram below, the endosymbiotic theory describes how over thousands of years, free-living prokaryotes formed living communities inside larger ancestral prokaryotic cells. Today, we identify those early free-living prokaryotes as the mitochondria, chioroplasts, and possibly other organelles. Endesymbietic Theery How did the development of Margulis' theory aid in our understanding of how complex organisms came into existence? A. It provided an explanation as to why prokaryotic cells do not have a nucdeus. B. It provides an explanation as to why bacteria and mitochondria are similar in size. C. It provides an explanation of how life today could have originated from a single cell. D. It provides an explanation of how prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells use oxygen to work.1) Name and give a brief account of the theory that explains the evolution of Eukaryotic cells from Prokaryotic cells. 2) Explain the reactions that occur to form polysaccharides, using starch as an example. 3) What do enzymes do? What are their main structural features? Give an example of a biological enzyme. 4) Describe the structure of fats and lipids. Why are some solid at room temperature whereas others, particularly from plants, are liquid? Briefly describe the structure of an animal cell. What are the main differences between animal and plant cells? Briefly outline the steps involved in the synthesis of ATP in eukaryotic cellsWhy were Archaea originally thought to be simply unusual forms of Bacteria? What lines of evidence showed this domain to form a distinct branch on the tree of life?
- What are the lineages of the tree of life that we divide into prokaryotes vs. eukaryotes and how are they similar/different?What would be the consequences for eukaryotes if all prokaryotessuddenly became extinct?Which of the following statements about eukaryotes is correct? - Eukaryotes are life forms that possess a nucleus in the cells. - Some cellular features, such as endoplasmic reticulum, is uniquely eukaryotic and is not shared with either bacteria or archaea. - It has been hypothesized that the first eukaryotic cell is a chimera between a bacterium and an archaeon. - During phylogenetic reconstruction, it is often found that eukaryotic genes that are responsible for information processing are more closely related to corresponding archaeal genes than to bacterial genes. - All of the above
- 1- What are prokaryotes? 2-Describe the differences between prokaryotes and Eukaryotes? Characteristics Prokaryotic cells Eukaryotic cells First appeared Hereditary material Size Internal structures ReproductionAccording to the endosymbiotic theory, which of the following is NOT true about the evolution of life on earth? Eukaryotes and prokaryotes appeared at about the same time and evolved independently from each other. O None of the other four answers (all are true statements) Eukaryotes evolved from symbiotic prokaryotes living inside other prokaryotes Mitochondria and chloroplasts are in some ways similar to prokaryotes The first life on earth was simple organisms, similar to today's prokaryotes3. The following simple rules describe how to categorize living organisms into one of five kingdoms- Monera, Protoctista, Plantae, Fungi, Animalia. a) If the organism has no cell nucleus, then it's in the Monera kingdom (more commonly known as bacteria). b) If the organism does not fit into the above category, and it is single celled, then it is in the Protoctista kingdom (molds and algae). c) If the organism does not fit into either of the above categories, and it is photosynthetic, then it's in the Plantae kingdom (plants). d) If the organism does not fit into any of the above categories, and it has a nervous system, then it is in the Animalia kingdom (animals). e) Otherwise, if the organism does not fit into any of the above categories, it is in the Fungi kingdom (fungus). Construct a flowchart that uses this categorization scheme to determine the kingdom for a particular living organism. You may assume information about an organism can be acquired using functions: hasNucleus (0).…