1. What is the effect of  hemolysis in the analysis of serum LPS? 2. Differentiate Lipase activity to that of Amylase base on time of rise, peak and decline . 3.  What is the role of the substrate in the LPS analysis?

People with untreated diabetes mellitus are unable to prevent starvation despite the large amount of glucose surrounding their cells; as if that isn't bad enough, dehydration is also a problem. 1. Explain why there is glucose in the urine of such people, why glucose is not present in the urine of normal people, and why diabetics become dehydrated.

6. Describe in detail the etiology and pathophysiology of diabetic ketoacidosis.

1. Why the 32 year old age pregant is taking oral antidiabetic drug instead of insulin (her blood sugar is 180mg/dl and her serum glucose level has maintained with metformin)

2. List the enzymes whose levels are elevated in blood serum following a myocardial infarction.

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1. A child was admitted to the clinic with diarrhea after feeding on milk. To determine the diagnosis, a lactosc tolerance test was conducted. The test solution contained 50 grams of lactose and was taken on an empty stomach. Blood glucose levels were measured regularly over the next two hours- 30, 60 and 90 min after test solution and it turned out that the blood glucose concentration was increased slightly. Present the possible reasons for the results, argue them. For this: a) write a reaction of lactose digestion in the intestine, specify the enzyme; b) explain why the blood glucose concentration was not increased; c) indicate the molecular mechanisms of the monosaccharide transport to the small intestine cells and answer whether the violation of their absorption can lead to these symptoms.

19. In general, when the nonbicarbonate buffer concentration is normal, an acute PaCO2decrease of 10 mm Hg below 40 mm Hg will be associated with which of the following changes?a. [HCO3-] decreases by approximately 10 mEq/L. b. [HCO3-] decreases by approximately 5 mEq/L. c. [HCO3-] decreases by approximately 2 mEq/L. d. [HCO3-] decreases by approximately 1 mEq/L.

1. Explain why a person with ketoacidosis may hyperventilate. What benefit might this provide? Provide your references. 2. After driving from sea level to a trail head in the high mountains, you get out of your car and feel dizzy. What do you suppose is causing your dizziness? How is this beneficial and how is this detrimental? What may eventually happen that would counteract the cause of the dizziness ? Provide your references.

1. What is gluconeogenesis?2. Explain the biochemical effects underlying the metabolic functions of the renal system in gluconeogenesis as well as insulin metabolism3. What is the relevance of the above in the management of a patient with Chronic kidney disease and diabetes mellitus4. How does renal tubular disease or renal parenchyma disease affect the excretory and haemodynamic regulatory functions of the kidneys