1. What causes the nasal symptoms of rhinitis? A. Bacteria B. Histamine C. Leukotrienes D. Prostaglandins

32. Antibiotics that affect various strains of Gram-positive bacteria and various strains of Gram-negative bacteria are considered to be a. isolate usable b. stress-induced spectrum c. narrow spectrum d. broad spectrum e. major spectrum 33. Aspirin is considered to be an anti-inflammatory drug. Therefore, it would block which of the following? a. C3₂ b. perforins c. MHC I d. C3, e. Co 34. Which of the following characteristics is shared by innate and adaptative immunity? a. first line of defense b. skin c. complement d. production of lysozyme e. production of molecules that prevent attachment of the microbe to host cells

16. The presence of endotoxins in a sterile fluid indicates: a. the presence of gram-positive cell walls b. the presence of gram-negative cell walls c. gram-negative cells are growing d. gram-positive cells are growing 17. Which of the following vaccines is safe to administer to a patient who has a T-cell deficiency? a. attenuated whole agent vaccine b. inactivated, killed whole agent vaccine c. toxoid d. Sabin's polio vaccine e. b & c ||

22. Your patient is born without B cells. He cannot a. fight off intracellular infections b. have a Type IV hypersensitivity reaction c. fight off extracellular infections d. destroy microorganisms through alternate complement e. c & d

8. Which statement is incorrect? a. IgG is the most abundant antibody in blood b. Antibodies can exist at the surface of a B cell, or circulate freely in blood. c. IgM is found in the lining of the genitourinary, gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts d. IgE is involved allergic reactions e. Macrophages are involved in chronic infections

45. Which of the following would be involved in reacting to a first-time exposure to Mycobacterium tuberculosis? a. a pre-7-10-day production of IgM b. activation of only T cells by T cells с c. memory B cells d. MHC I or II e. the macrophage as the first leukocyte arriving to the site of infection 46. The F region can do all the following except a. interact with pseudopods b. bind to B cells c. bind to T cells d. bind to pmns initiate endocytosis e. 47. Lysogeny can be linked to cervical cancer a. b. be linked to Streptococcus pneumoniae infections c. cause the production of a new bacterial strain d. be used as a possible cure for cancer e. all the above 48. Viruses that infect fungal cells probably recognize a. cholesterol b. ergosterol c. pencillin binding proteins d. DNA gyrase e. beta-lactamase 49. Which of the following would be an ineffective antiviral drug? a. one that blocks viral attachment b. one that inhibits viral nucleic acids replication c. one that destroys only the…

A positive tuberculin skin test is an example ofa. a delayed-type allergy b. autoimmunity c. acute contact dermatitis d. eczema

22. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of cell- mediated immunity? a. The cells originate in bone marrow b. Cells are processed in the thymus gland c. The activation of cell-mediated immunity can be suppressed d. They are antigen presenting cells e. All of the above are characteristics of cell-mediated immunity 23. All of the following could be possibly target sites for antimicrobials to limit the possibility of side effects except a. peptidoglycan b. parasitic glycolytic enzymes c. ergosterol C. d. RNA polymerase DNA gyrase e. 24. Lysogeny can result in all of the following EXCEPT a. persistent infections b. a bacteria expressing new genes c. transduction of genes C. d. the turning off of the host cell's transcriptional and translational machinery e. the definite destruction of an infected cell 25. Due to your patient's opsonization of a bacterial cell with C₂B, which of following did NOT occur a. interference of the patient's secondary viral infection b. bacterial cell…

1. Match the allergic skin reaction with the appropriate symptoms.                                                  Urticaria                                                  Angioedema                                                  Eczema A. Activation of mast cells on the skin B. Prolonged skin response C. Activation of mast cells in deeper subcutaneous tissue 2. Match the chemical found in granules with its function.                                                                          Leukotrienes                                                                        Histamine                                                                        Prostaglandin                                                                        TNF-a                                                                        Chymotryptase, tryptase, neutral proteases A. Induces vascular permeability B. Respond…

42. Which of the following is not a characteristic an exotoxin? a. It's a protein b. It's secreted outside of the cell c. It's a virulence factor d. It directly causes fever e. Diphtheria toxin is an example 43. Antigens that trigger hypersensitivity reactions are actually called a. allergens b. exogenous antigens . C. pollens d. endogenous antigens e. b & c = 9/12 44. Disease constantly in a population are called a. epidemic b. chronic c. latent d. endemic e. none of the above