Applications and Investigations in Earth Science (9th Edition)
Applications and Investigations in Earth Science (9th Edition)
9th Edition
ISBN: 9780134746241
Author: Edward J. Tarbuck, Frederick K. Lutgens, Dennis G. Tasa
Publisher: PEARSON
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Volcanoes In 1982 the Volcano Explosivity Index (VEI) was proposed as a way to describe the size and magnitude of volcanic eruptions. The VEI scale is a logarithmic scale that ranges from 0 to 8 with 8 being assigned to the largest volcanoes in history (see table). Ejecta Tropospheric injection Stratospheric injection VEI volume Description Plume Frequency (bulk) < 104 m3 Effusive < 100 m continuous negligible none 1 > 104 m3 Gentle 100 m -1 km daily minor none 2 > 106 m3 Explosive 1-5 km every two weeks moderate none 3 > 107 m3 Catastrophic 3-15 km 3 months substantial possible 4 > 0.1 km3 Cataclysmic > 10 km 18 months substantial definite >1 km3 Paroxysmic > 10 km 12 years substantial significant 6 > 10 km3 Colossal > 20 km 50–100 yrs substantial substantial 7 > 100 km3 Super-colossal > 20 km 500–1,000 yrs substantial substantial > 1000 km3 > 20 km > 50,000 yrs 8 Mega-colossal vast vast source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanic_Explosivity Index The largest eruption ever recorded was Mount Tambora on the Indonesian island of Sumbawa in 1815. The Tambora eruption resulted in 10,000 immediate deaths. Secondary effects, including famine and drought, claimed upwards of 80,000 more lives in a 600 km radius around the eruption. Tambora threw so much soot, ash, and smoke into the upper atmosphere that it reduced the amount of sunlight reaching Earth's surface. The eruption was followed by a "Year without Summer" that included crop failures in Europe and the United States. As dramatic and devastating as Tambora was with 150 Km³ of tephra, it ranks as only a 7 on the VEI scale. (Tephra = fragments of ash and rock ejected during a volcanic explosion). The table below lists a handful of active volcanoes around the world along with the VEI of the last major eruption. Silica is a major component of most igneous rocks. The percent silica is noted and can be related to the overall composition of the rocks. Mafic rocks are considered low in silica (less than 52%) Intermediate rocks contain a medium silica content (52%-66%) Felsic rocks have a high silica content (more than 66%)
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Transcribed Image Text:Volcanoes In 1982 the Volcano Explosivity Index (VEI) was proposed as a way to describe the size and magnitude of volcanic eruptions. The VEI scale is a logarithmic scale that ranges from 0 to 8 with 8 being assigned to the largest volcanoes in history (see table). Ejecta Tropospheric injection Stratospheric injection VEI volume Description Plume Frequency (bulk) < 104 m3 Effusive < 100 m continuous negligible none 1 > 104 m3 Gentle 100 m -1 km daily minor none 2 > 106 m3 Explosive 1-5 km every two weeks moderate none 3 > 107 m3 Catastrophic 3-15 km 3 months substantial possible 4 > 0.1 km3 Cataclysmic > 10 km 18 months substantial definite >1 km3 Paroxysmic > 10 km 12 years substantial significant 6 > 10 km3 Colossal > 20 km 50–100 yrs substantial substantial 7 > 100 km3 Super-colossal > 20 km 500–1,000 yrs substantial substantial > 1000 km3 > 20 km > 50,000 yrs 8 Mega-colossal vast vast source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanic_Explosivity Index The largest eruption ever recorded was Mount Tambora on the Indonesian island of Sumbawa in 1815. The Tambora eruption resulted in 10,000 immediate deaths. Secondary effects, including famine and drought, claimed upwards of 80,000 more lives in a 600 km radius around the eruption. Tambora threw so much soot, ash, and smoke into the upper atmosphere that it reduced the amount of sunlight reaching Earth's surface. The eruption was followed by a "Year without Summer" that included crop failures in Europe and the United States. As dramatic and devastating as Tambora was with 150 Km³ of tephra, it ranks as only a 7 on the VEI scale. (Tephra = fragments of ash and rock ejected during a volcanic explosion). The table below lists a handful of active volcanoes around the world along with the VEI of the last major eruption. Silica is a major component of most igneous rocks. The percent silica is noted and can be related to the overall composition of the rocks. Mafic rocks are considered low in silica (less than 52%) Intermediate rocks contain a medium silica content (52%-66%) Felsic rocks have a high silica content (more than 66%)
1. Use the % silica to determine the overall composition of the rocks. The remaining columns will be filled out at a later time. Volcano 1. Composition 10. Volcano Type 11a. Volcano Type 11b. Dominant Rock Silica % Last VEI Major Eruption Prediction Acigol- 2080 ВСЕ >69 Nevsehir Kilauea 2018 1 50 26,000 Taupo 8 68 years ago Pinatubo 1991 6 53 St. Helens 1980 5 63 Popocatepetl 2005 3 58 74000 Toba 8 75 years ago 600,000 Yellowstone 8 75 years ago Cerro Azul, 2008 1 Mafic Galapagos Reventador 2020 2-3 Intermediate 2. The volcanoes listed range in composition from mafic to felsic. a. List the name of an igneous rock that you would expect to find on a volcano that has a mafic composition. b. List the name of an igneous rock that you would expect to find on a volcano that has an intermediate composition. С. List the name of an igneous rock that you would expect to find on a volcano that has a felsic composition. 3. What is the relationship between composition/silica content and explosivity?
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Transcribed Image Text:1. Use the % silica to determine the overall composition of the rocks. The remaining columns will be filled out at a later time. Volcano 1. Composition 10. Volcano Type 11a. Volcano Type 11b. Dominant Rock Silica % Last VEI Major Eruption Prediction Acigol- 2080 ВСЕ >69 Nevsehir Kilauea 2018 1 50 26,000 Taupo 8 68 years ago Pinatubo 1991 6 53 St. Helens 1980 5 63 Popocatepetl 2005 3 58 74000 Toba 8 75 years ago 600,000 Yellowstone 8 75 years ago Cerro Azul, 2008 1 Mafic Galapagos Reventador 2020 2-3 Intermediate 2. The volcanoes listed range in composition from mafic to felsic. a. List the name of an igneous rock that you would expect to find on a volcano that has a mafic composition. b. List the name of an igneous rock that you would expect to find on a volcano that has an intermediate composition. С. List the name of an igneous rock that you would expect to find on a volcano that has a felsic composition. 3. What is the relationship between composition/silica content and explosivity?
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