Chemistry
Chemistry
10th Edition
ISBN: 9781305957404
Author: Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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please help on questions 4,5,6
al and Procedure for each activity A-D. Write a brief (one- or two-sentence) description of
tivity B, the effect of concentration on equilibrium will be investigated for the formation of
derately toxic by ingestion. Iron(II) nitrate solution may be a skin/tissue irritant. Concentrated
= ingestion or inhalation and is severely corrosive to skin and eyes; can cause severe body tis-
diately in case of an acid spill. Dilute hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide solutions are
ocyanate is toxic by ingestion and emits a toxic gas if strongly heated-do not heat this solu-
osphate monobasic is moderately toxic by ingestion. Wear chemical splash goggles, chemical-
istant apron. Wash hands thoroughly with soap and water before leaving the lab.
brium
will be used to study the nature of equilibrium. An indicator is a dye that can gain or lose
at have different colors. Equation 2 summarizes the reversible reaction of the indicator brom-
uncharged indicator molecule and In- an indicator anion formed after the molecule has lost a
e, we can employ LeChâtlier's Principle to predict how equilibrium can be restored: "If an
stress, the system will react in such a way as to reduce the stress." The color of the indicator
or OH- ions will show how changing the concentration of a product affects the equilibrium
HIn(aq) H*(aq) + In (aq)
Color A
Color B
H*(aq) + OH-(aq) → H₂O(1)
04%, 1 mL
2 mL
OH, 0.1 M, 2 mL
Beral-type pipets, graduated, 4
Test tube, small
Test tube rack
Wash bottle
Equation 2
Equation 3
resol Green
in the test tube. Add 5 drops of 0.04% bromcresol green. Swirl gently and record the color
expand button
Transcribed Image Text:al and Procedure for each activity A-D. Write a brief (one- or two-sentence) description of tivity B, the effect of concentration on equilibrium will be investigated for the formation of derately toxic by ingestion. Iron(II) nitrate solution may be a skin/tissue irritant. Concentrated = ingestion or inhalation and is severely corrosive to skin and eyes; can cause severe body tis- diately in case of an acid spill. Dilute hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide solutions are ocyanate is toxic by ingestion and emits a toxic gas if strongly heated-do not heat this solu- osphate monobasic is moderately toxic by ingestion. Wear chemical splash goggles, chemical- istant apron. Wash hands thoroughly with soap and water before leaving the lab. brium will be used to study the nature of equilibrium. An indicator is a dye that can gain or lose at have different colors. Equation 2 summarizes the reversible reaction of the indicator brom- uncharged indicator molecule and In- an indicator anion formed after the molecule has lost a e, we can employ LeChâtlier's Principle to predict how equilibrium can be restored: "If an stress, the system will react in such a way as to reduce the stress." The color of the indicator or OH- ions will show how changing the concentration of a product affects the equilibrium HIn(aq) H*(aq) + In (aq) Color A Color B H*(aq) + OH-(aq) → H₂O(1) 04%, 1 mL 2 mL OH, 0.1 M, 2 mL Beral-type pipets, graduated, 4 Test tube, small Test tube rack Wash bottle Equation 2 Equation 3 resol Green in the test tube. Add 5 drops of 0.04% bromcresol green. Swirl gently and record the color
N
2. Add 3 drops of 0.1 M HCI solution to the test tube. Swirl gently and record the new color of the solution in the data table.
3. Add 0.1 M NaOH dropwise to the solution until the original color is restored. Shake gently and record the number of drops
of NaOH added and the color of the solution in the data table.
4. Continue adding 0.1 M NaOH dropwise until a total of 5 drops of NaOH have been added in steps 3 and 4 combined.
Can the process be reversed to obtain a color that is intermediate between that in steps 2 and 3?
5. Add 0.1 M HCl again dropwise very slowly until the solution reaches a "transition" color midway between the two
colors recorded above (steps 2 and 3). Swirl gently between drops to avoid overshooting the transition color. Record
the number of drops of HCl required and the color in the data table. Note: It may be necessary to add half a drop
at a time.
6. Wash the contents of the test tube down the drain with excess water and rinse the test tubes with distilled or deionized water.
Data Table
Acid-Base Equilibrium of Bromcresol Green
Initial color of indicator solution (step 1)
Color after addition of HCI (step 2)
Color after addition of NaOH (step 3)
Number of drops of NaOH added (step 3)
Amount of HCl required to obtain "transition" color (step 5)
Transition color (step 5)
day light blue
gold
deep aqua blue
d. 10 dropromue
9 drops
greven
Observations and Analysis
1. Write the chemical equation for the reversible reaction of bromcresol green (HIn) with water. Label this Equation A.
2. Use the color changes observed for the indicator before and after adding HCl (steps 1 and 2) to predict the colors of the
HIn and In- forms of bromcresol green. Write the colors of HIn and In- underneath their formulas in Equation A. Explain
your reasoning. Hint: Adding HCI increases the concentration of H+ ions. Which reaction, forward or reverse, would that
increase?
3. Explain the observed color change: Adding more product to an equilibrium mixture of reactants and products increases the
rate of the (forward/reverse) reaction and thus (increases/decreases) the amount of product.
4. In step 3, hydroxide ions reacted with and removed H+ ions from solution (see Equation 3). What color change was
observed when NaOH was added? Which substance (HIn or In) increased in concentration as a result?
5. Explain the observed color change: Removing one of the products from an equilibrium mixture of reactants and products
decreases the rate of the (forward/reverse) reaction and thus (increases/decreases) the amount of product.
6. What form(s) of the indicator were most likely present when the transition color was observed in step 5? How does this
observation provide visual evidence that not all reactions "go to completion?"
expand button
Transcribed Image Text:N 2. Add 3 drops of 0.1 M HCI solution to the test tube. Swirl gently and record the new color of the solution in the data table. 3. Add 0.1 M NaOH dropwise to the solution until the original color is restored. Shake gently and record the number of drops of NaOH added and the color of the solution in the data table. 4. Continue adding 0.1 M NaOH dropwise until a total of 5 drops of NaOH have been added in steps 3 and 4 combined. Can the process be reversed to obtain a color that is intermediate between that in steps 2 and 3? 5. Add 0.1 M HCl again dropwise very slowly until the solution reaches a "transition" color midway between the two colors recorded above (steps 2 and 3). Swirl gently between drops to avoid overshooting the transition color. Record the number of drops of HCl required and the color in the data table. Note: It may be necessary to add half a drop at a time. 6. Wash the contents of the test tube down the drain with excess water and rinse the test tubes with distilled or deionized water. Data Table Acid-Base Equilibrium of Bromcresol Green Initial color of indicator solution (step 1) Color after addition of HCI (step 2) Color after addition of NaOH (step 3) Number of drops of NaOH added (step 3) Amount of HCl required to obtain "transition" color (step 5) Transition color (step 5) day light blue gold deep aqua blue d. 10 dropromue 9 drops greven Observations and Analysis 1. Write the chemical equation for the reversible reaction of bromcresol green (HIn) with water. Label this Equation A. 2. Use the color changes observed for the indicator before and after adding HCl (steps 1 and 2) to predict the colors of the HIn and In- forms of bromcresol green. Write the colors of HIn and In- underneath their formulas in Equation A. Explain your reasoning. Hint: Adding HCI increases the concentration of H+ ions. Which reaction, forward or reverse, would that increase? 3. Explain the observed color change: Adding more product to an equilibrium mixture of reactants and products increases the rate of the (forward/reverse) reaction and thus (increases/decreases) the amount of product. 4. In step 3, hydroxide ions reacted with and removed H+ ions from solution (see Equation 3). What color change was observed when NaOH was added? Which substance (HIn or In) increased in concentration as a result? 5. Explain the observed color change: Removing one of the products from an equilibrium mixture of reactants and products decreases the rate of the (forward/reverse) reaction and thus (increases/decreases) the amount of product. 6. What form(s) of the indicator were most likely present when the transition color was observed in step 5? How does this observation provide visual evidence that not all reactions "go to completion?"
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