1. How many taxa are there in your cladogram? 2. Which animal is the outgroup from your cladogram?

3. Using the below hypothetical character matrix of traits (left column) for these imaginary taxa (top row), choose the most likely phylogeny (a, b, or c), assuming that the Priltezon is the outgroup. Here presence is indicated by yes(Yes), and absence is no (No). Priltezon Frizzle Millispeed Bragoon Tortlouse Catellini Fur no no no No No Yes Eyes no no no no Yes Yes Six arms no no no yes Yes Yes Ears no no yes yes Yes Yes Backbone no yes yes yes Yes Yes b. C. a. P F T M B M B F T P C PMBFCT

2. Draw the branches for the next phylogenetic tree using the matrix below and then map the traits like you did in the last example. Sharks and relatives Ray-finned fishes Amphibians Primates → Rodents and rabbits → Crocodiles and relatives Dinosaurs and birds Vertebrae? Bony YES YES YES YES YES YES YES skeleton? Sharks and Relatives Ray Finned Fishes Amphibians Primates Rodents and Rabbits Crocodiles and Relatives Dinosaurs and Birds no no YES no YES YES YES YES YES YES YES Four limbs? no no no YES YES YES YES YES YES YES Amniotic egg? Hair? no no no YES no 2 2 2 2 2 YES no no no no no YES YES Two post-orbital fenestrae? 1. Name the outgroup of this tree 2. Name a pair of sister taxa 3. Are there any polytomies on this tree? 4. Name a derived trait for primates and rodents: 5. Name 4 ancestral traits for primates and rodents: Vertebrae, Bony Skeleton, Four Limbs, Amniotic Eqa

Use the following phylogenetic tree to help determine if the provided examples below are homologous structures or analogous structures. Figure 27.10 ANCESTRAL PROTIST Metazoa 770 million years ago ©2014 Pearson Education, Inc Eumetazoa 680 million. years ago 670 million years ago Bilateria Deuterostomia Lophotrochozoa Ecdysozoa The worm shape of a hemicordata and the worm shape of a nematoda Porifera Ctenophora Cnidaria The scales of a fish (chordata) and the scales of a scaleworm (annelida) The shell of the brachiopoda and the shell of the mollusca The shell of a mollusca and the hard outer surface of the arthropods Hemichordata Echinodermata The holes in human skin (pores) and the hole in the body of a porifera Chordata Platyhelminthes Rotifera Ectoprocta Brachiopoda EXAMPLE The round shape of an Echinodermata and the round shape of a ctenophora Mollusca Annelida Nematoda Arthropoda The trochophore larval stage of a Mollusca and the trochophore larval stage of an annelida. Homologous…

Create a hypothetical phylogenetic tree.

1.What is the scientific name of the beluga whale? 2.Write the common name of another species that is in the same CLASS as the beluga whale. 3.Bees and bats both fly, and their wings would be considered: A.Analogous Traits B.Homologous Traits

2. Examine the phylogeny below, which is the phylogeny for all extant species from a genus of birds, constructed using nuclear sequences (the numbers simply label the species). 2 3 Clade A 5 6 Clade B 1 7 (a) Give two explanations for why there are more species in clade A compared to B (i.e. I want general explanations for why some clades have more species than others 4.

True or False