1. Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is a protein biomarker related to colon cancer. Its concentration is known to be about 20 ng/mL in healthy people and higher than 2.5 µg/mL in the patients. The molecular weight of CEA is 180 kDa. What would be the molar concentrations (M or mole/liter) of 20 ng/mL and 2.5 µg/mL, respectively?
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- Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is a protein biomarker related to colon cancer. Its concentration is known to be about 20 ng/mL in healthy people and higher than 2.5 µg/mL in the patients. The molecular weight of CEA is 180 kDa. What would be the molar concentrations (M or mole/liter) of 20 ng/mL and 2.5 ug/mL, respectively?Given that the normal range for serum protein is about 7 g/100ml and albumin is about 4 g/100ml, what clinical conclusions can you draw from the following samples A-C? If samples are not normal, what protein fraction is increased/decreased and with what disease is this protein pattern likely to be associated? Sample A: total protein = 14 g/100mlalbumin= 8 g/100 ml Sample B:total protein = 5.8 g/100ml albumin = 4 g/100 ml Sample C:total protein = 3.5 g/100mlalbumin = 2g/100 mlSome cancers are detectable with a simple blood test (if the cancer cells secrete a chemical that circulates in the blood). A spherical tumor 3 cm in diameter may result in a concentration in the blood of 20 nanograms/milliliter of the chemical to be detected. The most common type of blood test can only detect the presence of this chemical in the blood if the concentration is greater than about 0.1 ng/ml. Another way to check is with an MRI scan, which can detect a tumor down to about a diameter of 1 mm. Which test is more sensitive? (Hint: this is a scaling prolem. Determine the size of a tumor that would produce a blood concentration of just under 0.1 ng/ml, which is undetectable by a blood test. Would an MRI be able to detect it?). Answer: In scaling problems, we need a linear scale factor. 0.1 ng/ml is 200 times smaller than 20 ng/ml, and we want to know what diameter of tumor will produce that amount. Assuming the secretion is based on the volume of the tumor, then we have λ 3 =…
- Cimetidine is used in the treatment and management of gastric ulcers and gastroesophageal reflux disease. In the case of an active ulcer, cimetidine can be administered continuous by IV infusion at a dose rate of 37.5 mg/hr. If the concentration of the cimetidine solution is 6 mg/ml, then how many milliliters must be available for a 4-hr infusion?Misoprostol is used to prevent NSAID-induced gastric ulcers. A daily dose consists of two tablets administered four times each day. What is the size of one day’s dose if each tablet contains 100 mcg of misoprostol?Acute lymphatic leukemia can respond well to methotrexate given 2.5 mg/kg every 14 days by IV. What would be the appropriate dosage of methotrexate to administer biweekly to a patient weighing 110 pounds?The antibiotic Keflex is available in a solution with a concentration of 250 mg per 5 mL of solution or in a250 mg capsules. The recommended dosage is 25 mg/kg/day. a. How many capsules should a 40-kg person take every six hours? b. Suppos the antibiotic solution is given intravenously to a 40-kg person over a six-hour period, using a microdrop system with a drop factor of 60 ggt/mL (60 drops/mL). What is the drop rate that should be used in units of ggt/hr (drops/hr)?
- GenAlex Medical, a leading manufacturer of medical laboratory equipment, is designing a new automated system that can detect normal levels of dissolved immunoglobin A (70. to 312. mg/dL), using a blood sample that is as small as 250 µL. Calculate the minimum mass in milligrams of immunoglobin A that the new system must be able to detect. Be sure your answer has the correct number of significant digits. mg 0 x10 X6. A solution made up of 500 mL of 50% dextrose, 500 mL of 8.5% Aminosyn, and 300mL of sterile water for injection is ordered. a) What is the total weight (in grams) of the dextrose? b) What is the total weight (in grams) of Aminosyn? c) 20 mEq of KCI are needed in the infusion above. How many mL of KCI should be added? Stock strength available: KCl 2 mEq/mL d) 22 mEq of NaCl are also needed in the infusion. What volume of NaCl should be added? Stock strength available: NaCl 4.4 mEq/mL e) What is the total volume of solution with the original fluids and the addition of KCI and NaCl?A.How much of 10,000x SYBR safe would you add to 50 ml to make a final concentration of 1x? B.How will you set up the serial dilution? How many tubes do you need? What is the concentration in each? How much LB will you add to each tube? What volume of cells will you add?
- KCI for injection contains 40 mEq in 20 mL. An order requires 15 mEq, how many mL are needed?Explain why serum is preferred over plasma in most clinical chemistry assays. Describe how the following anticoagulants prevent clotting. a.) Sodium or lithium heparin b.) EDTA c.) Sodium citrateWhat is the approximate rate of change of A340 measured? i.e. ΔA340 / min = __________ What rate of change of A340 would you predict if 30 ml of the ADH solution was tested in the same way (i.e. half the amount of protein) ? i.e. ΔA340 / min = __________ What rate of change of A340 would you predict if 60 ml of a 0.5 μM ADH solution was tested in the same way? i.e. ΔA340 / min = __________ As well as writing your answers, explain your reasoning.