1. Calculate the percentage s and p characters in sp, sp^2 and sp^3 hybrid orbitals. 2. Draw the molecular orbital diagram of propene, CH3-CH=CH2. 3. Draw an orbital diagram of an allene, H2C=C=CH2. What hybridization must the central carbon atom have in order to form two double bonds? 4. Describe the shape of sp^3 hybrid orbitals. 5. Dicuss, with illustrations, the two main steps in the hybridization of a carbon atom. 6.a. Arrange the following organic molecules in order of increasing acidity, starting with the least acidic. CH3CH3, HC(=_)CH and CH2=CH2 b. How many hybrid orbitals are formed when one 2s atomic orbital mixes with two 2p atomic orbitals? What shape do they form? c. Describe in detail, the shape of p atomic orbitals. d. Giving an example, explain what is meant by the excited-state electronic configuration of an atom of an element. e. Using clear illustrations, discuss the main differences between E1 and E2 mechanisms in organic reactions.
Formal Charges
Formal charges have an important role in organic chemistry since this concept helps us to know whether an atom in a molecule is neutral/bears a positive or negative charge. Even if some molecules are neutral, the atoms within that molecule need not be neutral atoms.
Polarity Of Water
In simple chemical terms, polarity refers to the separation of charges in a chemical species leading into formation of two polar ends which are positively charged end and negatively charged end. Polarity in any molecule occurs due to the differences in the electronegativities of the bonded atoms. Water, as we all know has two hydrogen atoms bonded to an oxygen atom. As oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen thus, there exists polarity in the bonds which is why water is known as a polar solvent.
Valence Bond Theory Vbt
Valence bond theory (VBT) in simple terms explains how individual atomic orbitals with an unpaired electron each, come close to each other and overlap to form a molecular orbital giving a covalent bond. It gives a quantum mechanical approach to the formation of covalent bonds with the help of wavefunctions using attractive and repulsive energies when two atoms are brought from infinity to their internuclear distance.
Step by step
Solved in 2 steps
