Applications and Investigations in Earth Science (9th Edition)
Applications and Investigations in Earth Science (9th Edition)
9th Edition
ISBN: 9780134746241
Author: Edward J. Tarbuck, Frederick K. Lutgens, Dennis G. Tasa
Publisher: PEARSON
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Question
2) What was the rate in centimeters per year (cm/yr) and direction of plate motion from 1.6 million years ago to the present time? Sept. 15, 1994: Huge eruption of Kliuchevskoi volcano. Ash cloud extends 565 km SE Dec. 23, 1995: Shishaldin volcano sends ash over 10 km high Jan. 17, 1995: Kobe, Japan earthquake. 5000 people killed Jan. 17, 1994: Northridge earthquake damages 100,000 buildings 60 m.y. June 3, 1991: Unzen, Japan volcanic eruption kills 41 people, including- 3 geologists Emperor Seamount chain Juan de Fuca Ridge (red) and plate Montserrat's Soufriere Hills volcano erupts since 1995 June 28, 1992: Most powerful earthquake in 40 years 40 m.y. awaiian Islands chain Kilauea Volcano erupts continuously since 1991 April 22, 1991: Costa Rica earthquake kills 76 June 12, 1991: Mt. Pinatubo, Philippines eruption kills 1 person; volcanic ash cloud extensive (striped) Enlarged below Submarine volcanic eruptions observed in 2006, 2007 COCOS PLATE Dec. 26, 2004: Sumatra earthquake generates most devastating tsunami in history, kills 282,000 people in 12 countries PACIFIC PLATE 0° East Pacific Rise (red) Sept. 19, 1994: Rabaul volcano erupts and kills 5 people Ruiz, Colombia: 1994 volcanic eruption kills 23,000 people 0° NAZCA PLATE Kauai HAWAII AN Nihau 4.7 Oahu ISLANDS Molokai 2.5 1.6 Maui CHAIN Lanai 1.1 PACIFIC OCEAN Mauna Kea Volcano Average age (millions of years) 0.0 Hawai Erupting now Volcanic peaks are red on map. Mauna Loa Volcano Kilauea Volcano 30 60 90 120 150 km 3) How does the rate and direction of Pacific Plate movement during the past 1.6 million years compare to that from the older rate and direction of plate motion (4.7-1.6 million years)? 4) Locate the Hawaiian Island chain and the Emperor Seamount chain in the top part of the figure. How are the chains related? 5) Based on the distribution of the Hawaiian Islands and Emperor Seamount chains, explain what the direction of plate motion has been like over the past 60 million years:
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Transcribed Image Text:2) What was the rate in centimeters per year (cm/yr) and direction of plate motion from 1.6 million years ago to the present time? Sept. 15, 1994: Huge eruption of Kliuchevskoi volcano. Ash cloud extends 565 km SE Dec. 23, 1995: Shishaldin volcano sends ash over 10 km high Jan. 17, 1995: Kobe, Japan earthquake. 5000 people killed Jan. 17, 1994: Northridge earthquake damages 100,000 buildings 60 m.y. June 3, 1991: Unzen, Japan volcanic eruption kills 41 people, including- 3 geologists Emperor Seamount chain Juan de Fuca Ridge (red) and plate Montserrat's Soufriere Hills volcano erupts since 1995 June 28, 1992: Most powerful earthquake in 40 years 40 m.y. awaiian Islands chain Kilauea Volcano erupts continuously since 1991 April 22, 1991: Costa Rica earthquake kills 76 June 12, 1991: Mt. Pinatubo, Philippines eruption kills 1 person; volcanic ash cloud extensive (striped) Enlarged below Submarine volcanic eruptions observed in 2006, 2007 COCOS PLATE Dec. 26, 2004: Sumatra earthquake generates most devastating tsunami in history, kills 282,000 people in 12 countries PACIFIC PLATE 0° East Pacific Rise (red) Sept. 19, 1994: Rabaul volcano erupts and kills 5 people Ruiz, Colombia: 1994 volcanic eruption kills 23,000 people 0° NAZCA PLATE Kauai HAWAII AN Nihau 4.7 Oahu ISLANDS Molokai 2.5 1.6 Maui CHAIN Lanai 1.1 PACIFIC OCEAN Mauna Kea Volcano Average age (millions of years) 0.0 Hawai Erupting now Volcanic peaks are red on map. Mauna Loa Volcano Kilauea Volcano 30 60 90 120 150 km 3) How does the rate and direction of Pacific Plate movement during the past 1.6 million years compare to that from the older rate and direction of plate motion (4.7-1.6 million years)? 4) Locate the Hawaiian Island chain and the Emperor Seamount chain in the top part of the figure. How are the chains related? 5) Based on the distribution of the Hawaiian Islands and Emperor Seamount chains, explain what the direction of plate motion has been like over the past 60 million years:
Part 2: Hotspot Track of the Hawaiian-Emperor Seamount Chain As a lithospheric plate migrates across a stationary hot spot, a volcano develops directly above the hot spot. When the plate slides on, the volcano that was over the hot spot becomes dormant, and over time it migrates many kilometers from the hotspot. Meanwhile, a new volcano arises as new lithosphere passes over the hotspot. The result is a string of volcanoes, with one end of the line located over the hotspot and quite active and the other end distant and inactive. In between is a succession of volcanoes that are progressively older with distance from the hotspot. The Hawaiian Islands and Emperor Seamount chains are thought to represent such a line of volcanoes that formed over the Hawaiian Hotspot. You goal in this lab is to determine the rates and directions that the Pacific Place moved over the mantle plume to create this surface expression. Take a look at the accompanying figure that shows the Hawaiian Islands and Emperor Seamounts. The ages of each island or seamount is indicated on the figure. The ages were determined by using isotopic dating methods on the basalts produced at the hotspot and are in units of million years (Ma). When doing calculations please show all your work in the space given (or on an attached page of scrap paper). Remember 100cm=1m, 1,000m=1km, so 1km=100,000cm 1) What was the rate in centimeters per year (cm/yr) and direction of plate motion in the Hawaiian region from 4.7 to 1.6 million years ago? 2) What was the rate in centimeters per year (cm/yr) and direction of plate motion from 1.6 million years ago to the present time? Sept. 15, 1994: Huge eruption of Kliuchevskoi volcano. Ash cloud extends 565 km SE Dec. 23, 1995: Shishaldin volcano sends ash Over 10 km high Jan. 17, 1995: Kobe, Japan earthquake. 5000 people killed Jan. 17, 1994: Northridge earthquake damages 100,000 buildings 60 m.y. Juan de Fuca Ridge (red) and plate Emperor Seamount June 3, 1991: Unzen, Japan volcanic eruption kills 41 people, including- 3 geologists chain June 28, 1992: Most powerful earthquake in 40 years Montserrat's Soufriere Hills volcano erupts since 1995 40 m.y.> Fawaian Islands chain Kilauea Volcano erupts continuously since 1991 April 22, 1991: Costa Rica earthquake kills 76 June 12, 1991: Mt. Pinatubo, Philippines eruption kills 1 person; volcanic ash cloud extensive (striped) Enlarged Submarine volcanic eruptions observed in 2006, 2007 Dec. 26, 2004: Sumatra earthquake generates most devastating tsunami in COCOS PLATE
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Transcribed Image Text:Part 2: Hotspot Track of the Hawaiian-Emperor Seamount Chain As a lithospheric plate migrates across a stationary hot spot, a volcano develops directly above the hot spot. When the plate slides on, the volcano that was over the hot spot becomes dormant, and over time it migrates many kilometers from the hotspot. Meanwhile, a new volcano arises as new lithosphere passes over the hotspot. The result is a string of volcanoes, with one end of the line located over the hotspot and quite active and the other end distant and inactive. In between is a succession of volcanoes that are progressively older with distance from the hotspot. The Hawaiian Islands and Emperor Seamount chains are thought to represent such a line of volcanoes that formed over the Hawaiian Hotspot. You goal in this lab is to determine the rates and directions that the Pacific Place moved over the mantle plume to create this surface expression. Take a look at the accompanying figure that shows the Hawaiian Islands and Emperor Seamounts. The ages of each island or seamount is indicated on the figure. The ages were determined by using isotopic dating methods on the basalts produced at the hotspot and are in units of million years (Ma). When doing calculations please show all your work in the space given (or on an attached page of scrap paper). Remember 100cm=1m, 1,000m=1km, so 1km=100,000cm 1) What was the rate in centimeters per year (cm/yr) and direction of plate motion in the Hawaiian region from 4.7 to 1.6 million years ago? 2) What was the rate in centimeters per year (cm/yr) and direction of plate motion from 1.6 million years ago to the present time? Sept. 15, 1994: Huge eruption of Kliuchevskoi volcano. Ash cloud extends 565 km SE Dec. 23, 1995: Shishaldin volcano sends ash Over 10 km high Jan. 17, 1995: Kobe, Japan earthquake. 5000 people killed Jan. 17, 1994: Northridge earthquake damages 100,000 buildings 60 m.y. Juan de Fuca Ridge (red) and plate Emperor Seamount June 3, 1991: Unzen, Japan volcanic eruption kills 41 people, including- 3 geologists chain June 28, 1992: Most powerful earthquake in 40 years Montserrat's Soufriere Hills volcano erupts since 1995 40 m.y.> Fawaian Islands chain Kilauea Volcano erupts continuously since 1991 April 22, 1991: Costa Rica earthquake kills 76 June 12, 1991: Mt. Pinatubo, Philippines eruption kills 1 person; volcanic ash cloud extensive (striped) Enlarged Submarine volcanic eruptions observed in 2006, 2007 Dec. 26, 2004: Sumatra earthquake generates most devastating tsunami in COCOS PLATE
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