1) Synchronization of cooperating processes can be accomplished by a variety of busy waiting solutions, semaphores, monitors, and message passing. Busy waiting is extremely wasteful of resources, so synchronization is generally implemented with semaphores, monitors or message passing. Describe the advantages and disadvantages of each of the three methods. Also indicate the limitations of each method’s applicability (e.g., you would not be able to apply monitors if the programming language that you must use does not have support for monitors)

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Types of database architectures

A Database Architecture represents the Database Management System’s (DBMS) design (schema). The DBMS architecture makes it easy to understand the components involved in the database system and their relations. The DBMS architecture may vary based on the system on which it runs. Some systems contain both client and server machines whereas some run only on a server machine. Based on the architecture, the system can be classified as centralized, decentralized, or hierarchical.