1) Summarize the main point of the study in two or three sentences. (Make sure you use your own words).2) Look at the citation at the beginning of the paper. Who is the first author of the paper? And does this have any significance?3) In one or two sentences, restate the title of the paper in a way that would be understandable to a member of the general public without a scientific background. And when was the paper published as well as who funded the research? **Title:** An Experimentally Introduced Population of *Brassica rapa* (Brassicaceae). 2. Rapid Evolution of Phenotypic Traits**Authors:** Michael R. Sekor and Steven J. Franks**Source:** Plant Ecology and Evolution, 2018, Vol. 151, No. 3, pp. 293-302**Published by:** Royal Botanical Society of Belgium and the Botanic Garden Meise**Stable URL:** [JSTOR Link](https://www.jstor.org/stable/149945392)**Abstract:**This study investigates rapid evolutionary changes in *Brassica rapa* populations. By introducing this plant to a new environment, the research examines various morphological traits over time. The experiment particularly focuses on the adaptation of plants in the face of environmental stresses.**Main Content:**- **Background and Aims:** Introduced plant populations can experience strong selection and evolve rapidly. The research replicates past studies showing rapid evolution and examines the evolutionary process in a new environment. - **Methods:** Seeds from *B. rapa* in California were introduced to multiple sites in New York. Experimental plots in varying conditions allowed for detailed tracking of plant evolution over generations.- **Key Results:** Over three generations, significant evolution in traits like plant height, leaf size, and time to flowering was noted. The study found faster evolution in New York, indicating adaptive evolution.- **Conclusion:** Rapid evolutionary changes were observed, including traits like smaller plant size and shorter flowering time. The study demonstrates the utility of resurrection approaches for examining contemporary evolution.**Keywords:** Rapid evolution, plants, resurrection approach, morphology, flowering time, *Brassica rapa*, experimental introduction.**Introduction:**The introduction outlines the importance of studying rapid evolutionary changes in introduced plant populations. Such studies help understand the adaptive responses to novel environmental pressures.**Figures and Tables:**The article includes graphs and tables documenting the changes in phenotypic traits over time. These visual aids are crucial for illustrating the data-driven evidence of rapid evolutionary changes in the experimental populations.**Availability:** For further details and access, the full article is available on JSTOR via the stable URL. ## Transcription for Educational Use### IntroductionWhile once thought to be a slow process, there is now substantial evidence that rapid evolution in natural populations can occur over contemporary timescales (Thompson 2013). Evolution appears to be particularly rapid in cases where there is a mismatch between organisms and their environments (Carroll et al. 2014), as can occur with anthropogenic environmental changes (Palumbi 2001) such as climatic changes (Levitan 2003) or pesticides (Whalon et al. 2008). Thus, the study of selection and rapid evolution is of particular interest for populations introduced to novel environments. Indeed, prior research provides evidence of rapid evolution in introduced populations of invasive species (Maron et al. 2004, Hierro et al. 2005, Novak et al. 2013, Colautti & Lau 2015). Despite these examples, evolution could potentially be limited in introduced populations due to factors such as genetic bottlenecks (Barrett 1991, Van Buskirk & Willi 2006, Dlugosch & Parker 2008, Bell & Gonzalez 2009), trade-offs (Blows & Hoffmann 2005, Walsh & Blows 2009), or genetic correlations that oppose selection (Etterson & Shaw 2001). Thus, it remains unclear to what extent rapid adaptive evolution occurs in introduced populations.Detailed information on the rates of evolution of different traits in introduced populations is scarce because much of the prior research in this area has been indirect, coming from populations that have already been introduced and established. Previous studies have used techniques such as population genetic analyses (Dlugosch et al. 2015), quantitative genetic analyses (Franks et al. 2008, 2012), or reciprocal transplants (Maron et al. 2004, Ridley & Ellstrand 2010, Novak et al. 2013, Colautti & Lau 2015) to retrospectively infer rapid evolution, rather than directly comparing evolutionary rates. In contrast, experimental introductions provide the opportunity to directly observe evolution as it occurs (Walsh & Reznick 2011) and allow a focus on the early stages of introduction and colonization possible in studies where the introduced species is already established.Experimental introductions of taxa to a new environment have been used to study evolution and colonization success in a variety of animals (Reznick et

Summery of the paper:In this study the authors wanted to test the evolution of the the plant…

Answered: 1) Summarize the main point of the…

11th Edition

ISBN:9780134580999

Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn

Publisher:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn

Chapter1: The Human Body: An Orientation

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1RQ: The correct sequence of levels forming the structural hierarchy is A. (a) organ, organ system,...