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States of Matter
The substance that constitutes everything in the universe is known as matter. Matter comprises atoms which in turn are composed of electrons, protons, and neutrons. Different atoms combine together to give rise to molecules that act as a foundation for all kinds of substances. There are five states of matter based on their energies of attraction, namely solid, liquid, gases, plasma, and BEC (Bose-Einstein condensates).
Chemical Reactions and Equations
When a chemical species is transformed into another chemical species it is said to have undergone a chemical reaction. It consists of breaking existing bonds and forming new bonds by changing the position of electrons. These reactions are best explained using a chemical equation.
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- 5) King Krator the Merciless has called on Pogo, a humble goldsmith, to make a crown for theKing. He gives Pogo exactly 14 oz of pure gold to fashion the crown and tells him that if hecheats the King, he will pay with his life ! Pogo leaves with the gold; he and his apprenticesspend two weeks in making the crown; finally he returns to the court. When Pogo returns withthe crown, King Krator finds that the crown weighs 397.25 grams, and has a volume of20.58cm3. King Krator asks the court wizard for the density of gold, and Wizard tells the Kingthat gold has a density of 19.3 times that of an equal volume of spring rain. Krator demands aslate, makes a few calculations, then sternly lifts his head to stare at Pogo. Does Pogo's headroll ?(b) The combustion of octane is represented by the following balanced equation: 2 C3H28(1) + 25 Ozlg) → 16 CO2 (g) + 18 H20 (g) In a brief chemistry or scientific language, describe this reaction:(1) Ammonia (m) NH4* and H3O* (n) HCN(aq), HCIO:(aq), H3O*(aq) QUESTION4 What is WRONG with the following statements? Do NOT correct the mistake. Say only what is wrong. (a) The density of iron is 7.87 g/mL. (b) The name of SnS is tin sulfide. (c) The ions in ammonia are H* and N3- (d) The molecular mass of carbon dioxide is 44.01 g/mol. (e) The chemical formula of magnesium sulfate is MnSO4. QUESTION 5
- Home-Grown Example: Calculation of Mass-Related Concentrations (a) A solution is made by dissolving 1.675 mg of sucrose (C₁2H22011) in 0.01091 g of water. What is the mass percentage of each component of the solution? (b) A 1762-kg sample of groundwater was found to contain 2.443 µg of Fe²+. What is the concentration of Fe²+ in parts per billion?In the "Methodé Champenoise," grape juice is fermented in a wine bottle to produce sparkling wine. The reaction is )) C6H1206(aq) → 2C2H50H(aq) + 2C02(g) Fermentation of 750. mL of grape juice (density = 1.0 g/cm3) is allowed to take place in a bottle with a total volume of 825. mL until 12.5% by volume is ethanol (C,H;OH). Assuming that the Co, is insoluble in H,0 (actually a wrong assumption), what would be the pressure of CO, inside the wine bottle at 25°C? (The density of ethanol is 0.79 g/cm3)10 Ethylene (CH,CH,) is the starting point for a wide array of industrial chemical syntheses. For example, worldwide about 8.0 × 10º kg of polyethylene are made from ethylene each year, for use in everything from household plumbing to artificial joints. Natural sources of ethylene are entirely inadequate to meet world demand, so ethane (CH,CH,) from natural gas is "cracked" in refineries at high temperature in a kinetically complex reaction that produces ethylene gas and hydrogen gas. Suppose an engineer studying ethane cracking fills a 60.0 L reaction tank with 22.0 atm of ethane gas and raises the temperature to 500. °C. She believes K =0.050 at this temperature. Calculate the percent by mass of ethylene the engineer expects to find in the equilibrium gas mixture. Round your answer to 2 significant digits. Note for advanced students: the engineer may be mistaken about the correct value of K , and the mass percent of ethylene you calculate may not be what she actually observes. %
- Lead (Pb) has been used for centuries. The Romans used it in their plumbing systems - the symbol for lead (Pb plumbus). To extract the metal, lead (II) sulfide (mineral galena) is roasted in air to form lead (II) oxide (PbO): 2 PbS(s) + 3 O2(g) → 2 PbO(s) + 2 SO2(g) AHrxn = -827.4 kJ Then the lead (II) oxide is reduced with carbon to the metal lead: PbO(s) + C(s) Pb(s) + СО (9) AHrxn = +106.8 kJ a) Use the equations above and Hess's Law to determine the enthalpy of change for the following reaction: PbS(s) + /2 O2(g) + C(s) → Pb(s) + CO (g) SO2(g) ΔΗη [ Select ] kJ (1 mol PbS) b) How much energy (kJ) absorbed (+AHxn) or evolved (-AHpxn) when 400.0 grams of lead (II) sulfide (PbS(s) is converted to lead (Pb)? ΔΗΡη [ Select ] kJ / 400.0 g PbSA sample of concentrated nitric acid has a density of1.41 g/mL and contains 70.0% HNO₃by mass.(a) What mass of HNO₃ is present per liter of solution?(b) What is the molarity of the solution?(b) Zn(NO3)2(aq) + 2 N2OH(aq) → Zn(OH)2(s) + 2 NaNO3(aq) Write the complete ionic equation. (Include states-of-matter under the given conditions in your answer. Use the lowest possible whole number coefficients.) chemPad О Help Greek List the spectator ions. (Include states-of-matter under the given conditions in your answer. Separate substances in a list with a comma. Use the lowest possible coefficients.) chemPad О Help X.x" →=- Greek Write the net ionic equation. (Include states-of-matter under the given conditions in your answer. Use the lowest possible whole number coefficients.) chemPad О Help Greek Zu2+ Zu+2 Classify the type of reaction given for (b). (Select all that apply.) a combination reaction na combustion reaction O a decomposition reaction V a metathesis reaction V a precipitation reaction