Chemistry
Chemistry
10th Edition
ISBN: 9781305957404
Author: Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Curved arrows are used to illustrate the flow of eletrons. Follow the arrows to predict the product of this reaction. Include all lone pairs and ignore inorganic byproducts.

**Title: Understanding Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions**

**Introduction:**

In this tutorial, we will explore a nucleophilic substitution reaction, where an alkoxide ion reacts with an alkyl halide. This reaction is a fundamental mechanism in organic chemistry.

**Reaction Overview:**

1. **Reactants:**
   - A negatively charged alkoxide ion (depicted with an oxygen atom carrying a lone pair and a negative charge).
   - Methyl bromide where a bromine atom is bonded to a carbon atom with three hydrogen atoms (H₃C-Br).

2. **Mechanism Arrows:**
   - A curved arrow originates from the lone pair on the oxygen atom, indicating the nucleophilic attack on the carbon atom bonded to bromine.
   - Another curved arrow shows the departure of the bromide ion, which breaks the C-Br bond.

**Explanation of the Diagram:**

- **Atoms and Bonds:**
  - The alkoxide ion includes an oxygen atom with three lone pairs and a negative charge, making it highly nucleophilic.
  - Methyl bromide has a polar bond between carbon and bromine, allowing the oxygen to attack the electron-deficient carbon.

- **Curved Arrows:**
  - The arrow from the oxygen to carbon indicates the formation of a new bond, while the arrow from the C-Br bond to bromine signifies the bond's cleavage, resulting in bromide as a leaving group.

**Tools and Controls:**

- The interface allows for drawing, editing, and analyzing molecular structures.
- Options are available to add atoms, bonds, lone pairs, and adjust charges.
- Users can undo changes, reset the structure, or mark it as done.

**Conclusion:**

This nucleophilic substitution reaction exemplifies how nucleophiles can attack electrophiles, leading to the exchange of functional groups. Understanding this mechanism is critical to mastering organic synthesis and transformation strategies.

For further practice, try drawing similar mechanisms and predicting the products of different nucleophilic substitutions.
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Transcribed Image Text:**Title: Understanding Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions** **Introduction:** In this tutorial, we will explore a nucleophilic substitution reaction, where an alkoxide ion reacts with an alkyl halide. This reaction is a fundamental mechanism in organic chemistry. **Reaction Overview:** 1. **Reactants:** - A negatively charged alkoxide ion (depicted with an oxygen atom carrying a lone pair and a negative charge). - Methyl bromide where a bromine atom is bonded to a carbon atom with three hydrogen atoms (H₃C-Br). 2. **Mechanism Arrows:** - A curved arrow originates from the lone pair on the oxygen atom, indicating the nucleophilic attack on the carbon atom bonded to bromine. - Another curved arrow shows the departure of the bromide ion, which breaks the C-Br bond. **Explanation of the Diagram:** - **Atoms and Bonds:** - The alkoxide ion includes an oxygen atom with three lone pairs and a negative charge, making it highly nucleophilic. - Methyl bromide has a polar bond between carbon and bromine, allowing the oxygen to attack the electron-deficient carbon. - **Curved Arrows:** - The arrow from the oxygen to carbon indicates the formation of a new bond, while the arrow from the C-Br bond to bromine signifies the bond's cleavage, resulting in bromide as a leaving group. **Tools and Controls:** - The interface allows for drawing, editing, and analyzing molecular structures. - Options are available to add atoms, bonds, lone pairs, and adjust charges. - Users can undo changes, reset the structure, or mark it as done. **Conclusion:** This nucleophilic substitution reaction exemplifies how nucleophiles can attack electrophiles, leading to the exchange of functional groups. Understanding this mechanism is critical to mastering organic synthesis and transformation strategies. For further practice, try drawing similar mechanisms and predicting the products of different nucleophilic substitutions.
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