.B If the Network layer is sending a message from A to D via B, it can be sure that a message sent by the Data Link layer from A to B will always correctly get to B, and a message sent from B to D will always correctly get to D. How then is it possible for the Network layer to be unable to correctly deliver a message from A to D?
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- A packet switch receives a packet and determines the outbound link to which the packet should be forwarded. When the packet arrives, one other packet is halfway done being transmitted on this outbound link and four other packets are waiting to be transmitted. Packets are transmitted in order of arrival. Suppose all packets are 1,200 bytes and the link rate is 2 Mbps. What is the queuing delay for the packet? More generally, what is the queuing delay when all packets have length L, the transmission rate is R, x bits of the currently-being-transmitted packet have been transmitted, and n packets are already in the queue?Consider a two-link network in which Host A has a 1 Mbps connection with a 10 ms propagation delay and the router has a 15 Mbps link with a 25 ms propagation delay. Host A sends Host B a 1500-byte packet. What is the packet transmission delay from the router to Host B (in milliseconds)?a. Suppose N packets arrive simultaneously to a link at which no packets are currently being transmitted or queued. Each packet is of length L and the link has transmission rate R. What is the average queuing delay for the N packets? b. Now suppose that N such packets arrive to the link every LN/R seconds. What is the average queuing delay of a packet?
- Question 5: Suppose you attach a network monitor to observe the sequence of frames that travel over a link from sender A to receiver B. The problem is to deduce what protocols, if any, could have generated the observed sequence. The following diagrams depict a flow of frames, with their corresponding sequence numbers, from the sender (A). There may be traffic from B to A, which is not depicted in the diagram. A gap between adjacent frames implies passage of time with no transmission from the sender. Note that the x-axis is time, and not space. Justify your answer. A A A ● ● ● ● 1 5 ● 3 5 0 ● 0 0 1 1 1 ● Go-Back-N ● Selective Repeat 1 0 5 0 c) For Diagram 3, the protocol is not: Stop-and-Wait Time Diagram 1 2 Time a) For Diagram 1, the most likely protocol being used is: Stop-and-Wait ● Go-Back-N (if Go-Back-N, give the window size) Selective Repeat (if Selective Repeat, give the window size) Diagram 2 Time 3 Diagram 3 1 Time b) For Diagram 2, the most likely protocol being used is:…A Propagation Queuing processing (waiting for transmission) Nodal Transmission Assume the two hosts on the left of the figure start transmitting packets of 1500 bytes at the same time (at time=D0) towards Router B. Suppose the link rates between the hosts and Router A are 4Mbps and the link rate between router A and router B is 4Mbps. One host link has a 2ms propagation delay and the other has a 3ms propagation delay. Router A has a nodal processing delay of 0.3ms. A. Calculate the time router A receives the last bit of the first packet: msHost A is sending data to host B over a full duplex link. A and B are using the sliding window protocol for flow control. The send and receive window sizes are 5 packets each. Data packets (sent only from A to B) are all 1000 bytes long and the transmission time for such a packet is 50 µs Acknowledgement packets (sent only from B to A) are very small and require negligible transmission time. The propagation delay over the link is 200 Us. What is the maximum achievable throughput in this communication? Discuss on design functionality of sliding window protocol.
- Assume that 2 packets arrive simultaneously to a switch at which one other packet is halfway done being transmitted on the outbound link and two other packets are waiting to be transmitted. Each packets is of length N = 1600 bytes and the outbound link has transmission rate R = 1.28 Mbps. Assume that the queuing buffer is big enough to hold at least five packets. What is the average queuing delay for the arriving 2 packets?This elementary problem begins to explore propagation delay and transmission delay, twocentral concepts in data networking. Consider two hosts, A and B, connected by a single link ofrate R bps. Suppose that the two hosts are separated by m meters, and suppose the propagationspeed along the link is s meters/sec. Host A is to send a packet of size L bits to Host B.a. Express the propagation delay, dprop, in terms of m and s.b. Determine the transmission time of the packet, dtrans, in terms of Land R.c. Ignoring processing and queuing delays, obtain an expression for the endto-end delay.d. Suppose Host A begins to transmit the packet at time t = 0. At time t = dtrans,where is the last bit of the packet?e. Suppose dprop is greater than dtrans. At time t = dtrans, where is the first bit ofthe packet?f. Suppose dprop is less than dtrans. At time t = dtrans, where is the first bit ofthe packet?g. Suppose s = 2.5 · 108, L = 120 bits, and R = 56 kbps. Find the distance mso that dprop equals…. Suppose we have two network entities, A and B. B has a supply of data messages that will be sent to A according to the following conventions. When A gets a request from the layer above to get the next data (D) message from B, A must send a request (R) message to B on the A-to-B channel. Only when B receives an R message can it send a data (D) message back to A on the B-to-A channel. A should deliver exactly one copy of each D message to the layer above. R messages can be lost (but not corrupted) in the A-to-B channel; D messages, once sent, are always delivered correctly. The delay along both channels is unknown and variable. Design (give an FSM description of) a protocol that incorporates the appropriate mechanisms to compensate for the loss-prone A-to-B channel and implements message passing to the layer above at entity A, as discussed above. Use only those mechanisms that are absolutely necessary
- Consider sending real-time data from Host A to Host B over a packet-switched network. Host A takes an 8-bit measurement every millisecond, and Host A collects these into 64-byte packets. There is one link between Hosts A and B; its transmission rate is 5 Mbps, its propagation delay is 2 × 108 meters/sec, and its length is 3 km. As soon as Host A gathers a packet, it sends the packet to Host B. How much time elapses from the time that Host A begins to take the first measurement in a packet until the entire packet reaches Host B?This elementary problem begins to explore propagation delay andtransmission delay, two central concepts in data networking. Consider two hosts, Aand B, connected by a single link of rate R bps. Suppose that the two hosts areseparated by m meters, and suppose the propagation speed along the link is smeters/sec. Host A is to send a packet of size L bits to Host B. d. Suppose Host A begins to transmit the packet at time t=0 . At time t= ?????? ,where is the last bit of the packet? e. Suppose ????? is greater than ?????? . At time t= ??????, where is the first bit of the packet?f. Suppose ????? is less than ??????. At time t= ?????? , where is the first bit of thepacket?In the figure below a router is transferring packets, each of length L= 5 000 bits over a link with a transmission Rate R= 1 Mbps to another router at the other end of the link. The speed prorogation of the light signal on the link is 3x108 m/s. The length of the link is 1 Km. L: packet length (in bits) R: link transmission rates (Mbps) Queue of packets waiting for output link 1-Calculate the total transmission delay. 2- How many packets can be transmitted in one second.