Sophie Germain Primes and Methods of Proof If you take the prime number 379009 and look at it upside down you get the word Google!! But other prime numbers are far more interesting than this novelty. It's important to know, specifically, what exactly a prime number is. A prime number is an integer greater than one which has only two positive divisors; one and itself. If an integer is a whole number, then an example of a prime is the number two, which can only be divided by one or itself and yield a positive whole number. If you divide two by any other positive whole integer, it will result in a fraction such as 2/3 or 2/5 which does not give whole positive integers. Note therefore that all composite numbers or numbers that are positive integers that are not prime, can be factored by prime numbers. The number two is the only even prime, which means the rest of the prime numbers are odd since zero in not greater than one and is neither positive or negative. That is the specific definition of a prime number, but there is more to the primes than what can be deduced at first glance. A Sophie Germain prime or a Germain is a prime that when multiplied by two and added to one remains a prime; if $ is a prime number and 2$ + 1 is equal to a prime number as well. This special “set” of prime numbers are named after the French mathematician Sophie Germain.
Hernández 2
Sophie Germain contributed to Fermat’s last theorem which states that there are no three positive
Sophie Germain studied psychology and philosophy. Sophie’s works were in a few areas: she studied the number theory, Sophie prime numbers, and the theory of elasticity. She would study other areas to gain more knowledge of these subjects. She did not have one study; she did multiple studies to prove theories and work of others.
For over ten years or more, I have known Ms. Delois Bynum as a person full of wisdom with inspiring words. She’s cheerful, graceful and amusing and I am delightful that over the years her demeanor hasn’t changed. When someone is in need she doesn’t fall short in helping him or her. Moreover, she’s full of energy because Ms. Bynum gets daily exercise by walking and greeting her neighbors.
She published philosophical works clarifying facts and generalizing the into laws to form a system of sociology and psychology. Years later, Germain was the first person to provide proof of Fermat’s Last Theorem, that has been a struggle for mathematicians for the past 200 years. “That if xn + yn = zn, then neither x, y, nor z can be a natural number if n is greater than 2, stated from Fermat's Last Theorem" (Barrow-Green). Germain used her proficiency on prime numbers to help to prove this theorem. Successful from her work, she published her deeds in a supplement to her acquaintance Adrien-Marie Legendre's work Théorie des nombres.” (The Remarkable Life of Sophie Germain)
Primes are the basic numbers in everything, but have you wondered how they were formed? Well, the Ishango bone has numbers that were carved 20,000 years ago. It may prove that prime numbers were thought about because it includes a prime quadruplet, 11, 13, 17, 19, but it couldn’t be any real proof because 11+13+17+19=60. There is also proof for the Ancient Egyptians because on the Rhynd mathematical papyrus, made almost 4,000 years ago. It states 2/n (n which is an odd number from 4<102) as a sum of unit numbers. If n is prime, then it would be harder to get 2/n. Now, let’s go to 2,500 years ago, at the time of the Greeks. The Greeks often get the credit for studying prime numbers because of Eratosthenes and Euclid. Eratosthenes made the sieve
As for the works of Sophie Germain, one of the works she if known for is one of her first on Fermat 's Last Theorem. When Sophie worked on Fermat 's Last Theorem she "had adopted a new approach to the problem which was far more general than previous strategies. Her immediate goal was not to prove that one particular equation had no solutions, but to say something about several equations. In her letter to Gauss [a seasoned male mathematician of her time] she outlined a calculation which focused on those
Modular Arithmetic has a connection to the history of the clock. From research, we came
The main question Marjorie Prime opens for the audience is, “what can technology do for the human experience?” The answer to this question is tricky, but I think it was covered well throughout the play by focusing on the idea of, “ what would you say to a person you loved if they were still here?” First, the definition of “the human experience” is all of the emotions and events someone will experience throughout their lifetime; examples fitting for this play are grieving and death. The first moment from Marjorie Prime where I felt the meaning was the first time we see Walter Prime. Walter Prime is clean cut and smooth in his dark blue suit and oxford shoes. He could pass for human, but his voice is eerily like that of a male Siri on iPhones. The whole idea of getting a prime for Marjorie was so that when her memory is totally gone from her mind, it will still be in the “mind” of the prime, and then he can feed her back her memories. The prime is in the form of Marjorie’s husband, Walter, when he was in his thirties. Both of these elements of the prime give Marjorie back some companionship other than her daughter, Tess, and Tess’s husband, John. We learn later on in the play that Marjorie lost her son, Damien, to suicide. The prime is able to help Marjorie's “human experience” by not relaying the painful memories of him back to her. He in turn indirectly takes away her grief because other people can add or delete Marjorie's
It is often assumed by historians that Germain may have witnessed many discussions by her father and his friends on topics such as politics and philosophy (Ornes). Perhaps her interest in mathematics began to blossom around this time as well, considering Germain first began her studies around the age of 13. Germain was first motivated to learn more about mathematics after reading about the death of Archimedes in the hands of a Roman soldier. She was moved by the story and decided that she would become a mathematician. However, considering it was extremely taboo during this time period for a woman to even dream of become interested in such an intellectual subject, Germain received an immense amount of resentment from her family. Her parents threatened to take her blankets and heat away from her if she studied mathematics, and so, by the light of a very discrete candle, Germain would be up late at night teaching herself Latin and Greek and studying mathematics from her father’s books (“Sophie Germain”). Indeed, Germain had discovered that being a girl did not mean that she could not study the same things that boys the same age as her were studying, and she did not believe that she was confined to the barriers of society in the realm of
Now twos complement, that is just a scheme for representing positive and negative numbers, and it is not some arbitrary thing it has a reason, the reason
Julia Bowman Robinson was an esteemed mathematician who was highly praised for her immense contributions to the mathematical community. Even though she grew up during a time when women’s suffrage and rights had just become publically recognize within the United States, she would still go on to become one of the most prestigious mathematicians of her generation, and arguably, of history overall. Being the first women to ever serve on the mathematical section of the National Academy of Sciences as well as being the first ever women to be elected to become president of the American Mathematical Society (Feuerman, 1994), she never fell short of performing feats to which many never thought they would ever see.
Eratosthenes also came up with the sieve system for finding prime numbers before computers. Make a list of all the integers less than or equal to the number that are greater than one. Cross out the multiples of all prime numbers less than or equal to the square root of number, then the numbers that are left are the prime
The contest was about Ernst Chladni’s experiments with vibrating metal plates. In order to participate in the contest you have to write a paper. Sophie submitted her paper in 1811, but she did not win the prize. Sophie later tried the same contest again but did not win. On Sophie’s third try, she won and became the first woman to win a prize from the Paris Academy of Sciences. Sophie was first interested in the number theory in 1798 after studying the works of Adrien-Marie Legendre. She later corresponded with Adrien-Marie Legendre on the number theory, and later, elasticity. After a while, Sophie began to lose interest in the number theory and eventually no longer studied the number theory. In 1815,Sophie’s interest in the number theory was reawakened after a prize was offered to her. In order to receive this prize Sophie was asked to prove that Fermat’s Last Theorem is accurate. Sophie wrote a letter to Carl Friedrich Gauss and in this letter, she stated that the number theory was her preferred field. Sophie’s letter contained the first substantial progress toward any type proof that Fermat’s Last Theorem was accurate in 200 years. However, Gauss never answered her letter and Sophie never received the
Let’s suppose that the list of prime numbers; p_1,p_2,p_3,…,p_n; is a complete list. We then find the product of these prime numbers and call that product “K”. This product, K, will be a composite number made up of all the prime numbers from our list. Now let’s make a new number, “M” by adding 1 to K, K+1=M. This new number, M, will either be prime or composite. If it is divisible by one of the primes from the original list, then it is composite and not prime. No matter which prime number you pick from the original list, there will always be a remainder of 1. This means the only factors of M are 1 and itself. Because the only factors of M are 1 and itself, it is a prime number. This shows that we can never have a complete list of primes and therefore there must be an infinite number of
Pierre de Fermat Pierre de Fermat was born in the year 1601 in Beaumont-de-Lomages, France. Mr. Fermat's education began in 1631. He was home schooled. Mr. Fermat was a single man through his life. Pierre de Fermat, like many mathematicians of the early 17th century, found solutions to the four major problems that created a form of math called calculus. Before Sir Isaac Newton was even born, Fermat found a method for finding the tangent to a curve. He tried different ways in math to improve the system. This was his occupation. Mr. Fermat was a good scholar, and amused himself by restoring the work of Apollonius on plane loci. Mr. Fermat published only a few papers in his lifetime and gave no systematic exposition of his methods. He had a
In Europe, the second half of the 17th century was a time of major innovation. Calculus provided a new opportunity in mathematical physics to solve long-standing problems. Several mathematicians contributed to these breakthroughs, notably John Wallis and Isaac Barrow. James Gregory proved a special case of the second fundamental theorem of calculus in AD 1668.