sc131 CrystalElmalahUnit7Assignment

Because the PCO2 levels are too high the body is not getting the adequate amount of oxygen. This means the oxygen-carrying hemoglobin is not working properly do to the excessive amounts carbon dioxide causing respiratory acidosis.

The normal blood pH is between 7.35 and 7.45. Allen’s blood was acidotic due to a decrease in lung expansion and an alteration in the perfusion to his spinal cord. He also has an alteration in spinal innervation to the respiratory muscles including the phrenic nerve that controls the diaphragm. This would further cause Allen to not be able to adequately take in enough oxygen and blow off enough CO2 to adequately have gas exchange, within the alveoli. Respiratory failure.

When your blood pH being alkaline, you experience respiratory alkalosis. The co2 levels drop in your blood which causes complications.

The data have supported the hypothesis because it showed the results in the data. When the PCO2 is 40, the blood pH is 7.38 which it is normal that lead to have normal H+ in urine and HCO3- in urine. The PCO2 get lower to 30, the blood pH is 7.58 which it is high that lead to decreased in H+ in urine and elevated in HCO3- in urine. The PCO2 get higher to 60, the blood pH is 7.28 which it is low that lead to elevated in H+ in urine and decreased in HCO3- in urine. Respiratory alkalosis is when the PCO2 is lowered that cause a person to have hyperventilation that it is over breathing. It can happen if someone have panic attack, anxiety, or stress. The treatments are breathing exercise, practice relaxation, and exercise regularly to raise the carbon dioxide levels. Respiratory acidosis is when the PCO2 is raised that cause a person to have hypoventilation that is slow breathing. It can happen if someone have daytime drowsiness, fatigue, morning headaces,and bluish color on the skin. The treatments are losing weight, supplemental oxygen, and continuous positive airway pressure to decrease the carbon dioxide

It results when one or both of these gas-exchanging functions are inadequate . It is not a disease but a symptom of an underlying pathology affecting lung tissue function, 02 delivery, cardiac output, or the baseline metabolic state. It is a condition that occurs because of one or more diseases involving the lungs or other body systems. Symptoms of this is hypoexia and hypercapnia.

I think Sally is experiencing metabolic acidosis, and the respiratory response is hyperventilation which increases loss of CO2 hence the reason she is breathing deeply and gasping. Also, if compensation is complete, pH will be within normal range but HCO3- will be low.

Did the pH level of the blood change at all during normal breathing? If so, how? The pH did not change during the normal breathing.

The possible causes of this acid base imbalance are the vomiting and the overuse of antacids. As the name implies it is bicarbonate which has been added to the body. The vomiting reduces the extracellular fluid and this in turn leads to a release of angiotensin and aldersterone. This release then increases the bicarbonate absorption and increased hydrogen ion and potassium excreted. This patient may also have hypokalemia which is very common in metabolic alkalosis and would need to be replaced if it occurred ( Thomas, 2015). The respiratory rate would also slow to try and compensate for the alkalosis.

The main reasons for mortality among people with DKA are hypokalemia, infection, and circulatory collapse, which all can lead to cerebral edema (Wilson, 2012). In people who have Type 1 diabetes more than 20 percent experience frequent episodes of hyperglycemia and DKA. These reoccurring episodes of DKA can lead to or worsen chronic macrovascular complications of diabetes, such as retinopathy and other eye diseases. It has also been found to be associated with myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, cerebrovascular accident, gastrointestinal bleeding and undiagnosed diabetes (Wilson, 2012). When a patient present to the emergency department with loss of consciousness along with other symptoms of DKA it is important for the nurses to take urine, sputum, and blood cultures to test for the presence of ketone bodies. An arterial blood gas sample is also important, this is to test for cardiac enzyme and undertake amylase and lipase analyses to be able to identify the causes of DKA (Wilson, 2012). DKA can be diagnosed when there is a urine ketone concentration of at least 3mmol/L, blood glucose of at least 11mmol/L or presence of Type 1 diabetes, and venous blood bicarbonate concentration of no more than 15mmol/L or pH no more than 7.3. Airway, breathing, circulation, and neurological status should be the focus of initial assessment (Wilson,

Metabolic alkalosis is seen by an increase in the concentration of plasma bicarbonate relative to the concentration of carbonic acid, which shifts the pH to the alkaline side of the physiologic range (case study- pH 7.5). The main causes of metabolic alkalosis are loss of gastric juice or

The cause of acidosis in the body is when the kidneys and lungs do not maintain the balance (proper pH level) of chemicals called acids and bases. It can either occur when bicarbonate (a base) is lost or when acid builds up. Acidosis can be defined as either respiratory or metabolic. Too much carbon dioxide (an acid) in the body leads to respiratory acidosis. When the body gets into a situation where it is unable to remove enough carbon dioxide through breathing, it causes respiratory acidosis. This kind of acidosis is also called hyper-capnic acidosis and carbon dioxide acidosis and could be caused by: chest deformities, such as kyphosis, Chest injuries, chest muscle weakness, chronic lung disease and overuse of sedative drugs. The symptoms that can be caused by respiratory acidosis are confusion, fatigue, lethargy, shortness of breath, and sleepiness. Metabolic acidosis develops when too much acid is produced in the body. It can also occur when the kidneys cannot remove enough acid from the body. There are several types of metabolic acidosis: Hyperchloremic, Lactic and diabetic. Things that could cause acidosis are: Dehydration, Aspirin poisoning and kidney disease. Diabetic acidosis (also called diabetic ketoacidosis and DKA) develops when substances called ketone bodies (which are acidic) build up during uncontrolled diabetes. The symptoms of metabolic acidosis symptoms depend on the underlying disease or condition. The metabolic acidosis itself usually causes rapid

A major effect of alkalosis is hyperexcitability of the nervous system. Peripheral nerves are affected first, resulting in

Acidosis is when the pH of one’s blood is below the normal level of 7.35. Alkalosis is when the pH of one’s blood is above 7.45. These can be broken down into two categories respiratory and metabolic. Normal oxygen (CO2) levels are 35-45 mmHg in systemic arterial blood. Normal levels for HCO3− 22-26mEq/liter in systemic arterial blood.

Acidosis and alkalosis are two conditions where the blood’s pH is either too acidic (below 7.35) called acidosis, or too alkaline (above 7.45) in this case called alkalosis. These conditions could be the result of the metabolic or respiratory problem. However, the body has different mechanisms to maintain the blood pH stable on the pH value of 7.4. The kidneys have the predominant role in regulating the systemic bicarbonate concentration and hence, the metabolic component of acid-base balance.

Respiratory acidosis is a condition that happens when there is too much carbon dioxide in the lungs. When this happens, the blood becomes too acidic. People with respiratory acidosis will have a pH less than 7.35 with a PaCO2 greater than 45mm HG. (sitelms.org) This particular form of acidosis can be caused by diseases of the airways, lungs, and chest. It can also be caused by diseases that may affect the nerves and muscles that tell the lungs to inflate or deflate. Certain narcotics may cause this to happen as well. If respiratory acidosis does not become too severe the kidneys will help to raise the blood pH to the normal range. The kidneys increase the amount of hydrogen it releases and the reabsorption of bicarbonate. When medical treatment is necessary, it is usually aimed at the underlying disease, or cause of the condition. (.nlm.nih.gov, 2016) Bronchodilator drugs may be prescribed to help reverse some types of