psychology and learning Essay

Operant conditioning, classical conditioning, and observational learning all result in learning, but the processes in each method differentiate. The basic differences between operant and classical conditioning are that one involves reinforcement and punishments following after a particular voluntary behavior, while the other involves the focusing of involuntary, automatic behaviors that create an association between a natural existing stimulus and a previous neutral one. According to my examples, I learned through classical conditioning that a biological conditioned stimulus, the thought of my boyfriend, was paired with an unconditioned stimulus, the smell

Learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience. There are two types of learning, associative learning and cognitive learning. Associative learning occurs when a person or an animal forms a simple association among various stimuli, behaviors, or both. It requires little to no awareness or thought. Cognitive learning refers to understanding, knowing, and anticipating. Our subject today comes from associative learning. There are two types of associative learning. Ivan Pavlov of Russia, discovered classical conditioning, and Edward Thorndike discovered operant conditioning.

Classical conditioning is based on an association between two stimuli and implies that we as organisms are rather passive in the learning process. Operant conditioning is based on a response and stimuli (i.e., consequences) that follow that response. Operant implies that organisms operate on the environment to produce consequences we anticipate based on previous active learning.

Learning can happen in numerous ways, but all fall under the category of being either classical conditioning or operant conditioning when we are dealing with Psychology terms. These two habituation methods are very comparable in nature, but do possess very specific distinctions in their differences. The major difference between classical and operant conditioning is the type of behaviors being conditioned. Classical is focused more on reflex and automatic actions whereas operant deals more with voluntary actions. Classical and operant conditioning are also different in the way they are taught. Classical conditioning involves introducing the subject to a neutral signal before reaction. Classical conditioning has four basic principles

Classical conditioning, Operant conditioning, and Observational learning are all examples of learning. Animals and humans alike learn these different ways. From the time we are born to the day we die we’ll always be learning in one of these ways. The different ways of learning define us as individuals. Depending on which type of learning a person focused on and learned, people are created to be their own individual. These types of learning are immensely helpful and

Learning is a constant process of gaining knowledge in order to use it in future. Anderson (1995) defined learning as ‘the process by which relatively permanent changes occur in behavioural potential as a result of experience' (as cited in Gross, 2015). New information is acquired by conditioning - the process of learning through which the behaviour becomes associated with a certain stimulus. There are two major types of conditioning - classical and operant.

Operant conditioning is one of the many ways of learning, which is constructed by the means of giving rewards and punishment in an individual. The type of conditioning that going to be used in this experiment holds a specific behavior and consequences, consequences could be either a reward or a punishment that could have an effect in learning. Reward and punishment are modulators of an individual’s performance.

Learning is a never ending process that all living species must go through during their time on earth. Robbins and Judge (2009) define learning as “a relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs as a result of experience” (p. 55). The way in which are behavior is acquired is explained defined by three theories which are classical conditioning, operant conditioning and social learning. I will focus on the latter two for this discussion.

Whereas, in operant conditioning a behavior becomes associated with an environmental effect such as a feeling of being rewarded by performing a certain behavior. Classical conditioning is a passive learning experience, whereas Operant conditioning is generally a more active learning experience.

Operant condition focus on how an organisms learns a response a voluntary responses and how they can be guided though positive and negative reinforcement. Thorndike’s puzzle box he place a hungry cat inside a box with food on the outside. The only thing the cat had to do was press the lever and escape to get the food. Though at first it took a while for the cat to get out but after few trials with each getting faster. With the time getting fast and faster it was pretty safe so assume the cat figure out a way to get out of the box was to push the lever. Which lead to the law of effect “if an action is followed by a pleasurable consequence, it will tend to be repeated” (Ciccarelli & White, 2017 p.188). This is an example of positive reinforcement the cat escaping from the box there is food to reward when it is successful. Here are the two kinds of reinforcement there is positive reinforcement. Positive reinforcement is when you add a reward and negative reinforcement is the removal of a thing. We also have primary and secondary enforcements that are a part of this as well.

Classical conditioning is based upon the belief that an individual's behavior is shaped by their environment and mental thoughts (i.e. their feelings and emotions). This influences how they will react and their underlying mental state. A learning process will take place from associations with the environment and naturally occurring stimuli. (McLeod, 2012) (Lavond, 2003) (Coon, 2008)

One of the best-known characteristics of behavioral learning theory is classical conditioning. Classical conditioning is a learning process that occurs through associations between an environmental stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus (Carpenter & Huffman, 2012). There are basic principles of classical conditioning process. Such as the unconditioned stimulus (UC) and unconditioned response (UR), as well as conditioned stimulus (CS) and conditioned response (CR) (Carpenter & Huffman, 2012).

When talking about operant conditioning, punishment always comes to mind. As we were children growing up, we all had to experience some type of consequences whether it was positive or negative. Some practice one more than the other. The one thing

Worobey, J., & Worobey, H. (1999) . The Impactg of a Two-Year School Breakfast Program for Preschool-Aged Children on Their Nutrient Intake and Pre-Academic Performance. Child Study Journal, 29, 113-131.

We start our lives and we immediately start to develop into the person we become today. Obviously most of us would not start by learning calculus at two years old, or care about what grades we are getting in first grade, but the process of learning starts right away. This learning processes plays a significant role in developing us. There are three main learning theories we look at. Observational, Classical Conditioning, and Operant Conditioning. Observational learning occurs through observing the behaviors of others. This includes things like memorizing and reproducing things that someone showed you or you saw done. Classical Conditioning is when things happen multiple times and you learn a response to this. For example, the first time you spoke out in class in elementary school, you were not conditioned yet not to. The response to this might be being told to be quiet or a time out. You then are conditioned that if you talk, you will get in trouble. Then you have Operant Conditioning, which is behaviors that are associated with a consequence. An example to this is doing well in a swim competition becomes associated with an award.