Wireless Sensor Network For Subsurface Infrastructure Monitoring

This antenna is designed on FR-4 substrate. It has dielectric constant 4.4 and thickness 1.6 mm. copper material is used for ground plane and patch. We provided microstrip line feeding to this antenna.

The novel, "All Fall Down" by Ally Carter, contains many differing themes. Although, the one that's the most significant is: don’t give up on what you believe in. The author portrays this theme throughout the novel by telling how Grace finds out what really happened to her mother.

Through exposure, the role of women as a visible visual icon, such as cinematic mechanisms fetishism serves to convince the position of the male audience as an absolute subject.

Hamlet's actions display something of a madman. Hamlet’s madness contributes to the many examples that his insanity in fact seemed real. Few people believe his insanity seemed faked or feigned. Nevertheless Hamlet's actions can get confusing, since he could be deeply in love one minute, then talking and screaming to himself the next. These events that have occurred may have altered Hamlets life, by leaving him horribly troubled, and in a state of madness.

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) consists of a large number of low cost sensor nodes depolyed in parking area. These sensor nodes form a multi-hop ad-hoc network by wireless commnunication.

heterogeneous scheme in which all sensor nodes have a different amount of energy as each node is assigned with various task [20] such as SEP[21], DEEC[22]. In this paper, we propose and analyze a novel cluster head selection scheme based on the deployment of nodes in different regions for heterogeneous wireless sensor networks (HWSNs) which is named as RBETSSEP.

Abstract: Security is always a main task to be performed in any network. Wireless Sensor Network are different from other networks.Hierarchical Routing Protocol are the best energy saving and efficient rout wireless sensor networks. Our Objective is to Provide End to End Confidentiality in LEACH and Performance measurement of leach protocol for various homomorphic encryptions. Leach is a very secure Protocol as cluster head changes in each round but sometimes data needs to be very confidential of some nodes to Base station. So the best technique used for providing this is Homomorphic Encryption.Our Objective is to apply Multiplicative Homomorphic Encryption in LEACH.So that need of decrypting data at cluster head is removed.

Security issues: Most of the dangers and attacks against security in wireless networks are verging on like their wired

From the past few years wireless sensor networks (WSN’s) have gained global attention. It is a promising technology that has been extensively used in various critical and long-lasting applications.

Wireless sensor nodes are an emerging key technology of 21 'st century. In wireless sensor nodes network, the most important problem is of ENERGY EFFICIENCY. The power consumption of nodes determines the lifetime of wsn, thus design of low-power node is very important. The vital part where large power savings could be made is in nodal communication. Various techniques have been proposed regarding low power communication and short network latency. One of them is the low power wake-up receiver for monitoring the channel. It this recent proposal, there has been many works published. In this report work, the focus is study and comparison of architectures for a low power wake-up receiver.

Wireless sensor networks typically consist of a large number of sensor nodes with limited onboard battery resources which are difficult to recharge or replace. Thus the reduction of energy consumption for end-to-end data rate and maximization of network lifetime have become chief research concern. In recent years, many techniques have been proposed for improving the energy efficiency in wireless sensor networks. Among these techniques, V-MIMO technique has been considered as one of the effective ways to save energy. In WSN a node has two communication related energy consuming roles, one role is to serve as a packet generating source node (SN), and the other role is to relay packets for the other nodes, which are both energy consuming operations. This is why the energy minimization is required to extend the lifetime of the WSN.

Developments in micro electro mechanical systems (MEMS) and wireless networks are opening a new domain in networking history. Sensors; often called "smart dust" are low cost small tiny devices with limited coverage, low power, smaller memory sizes and low bandwidth, will play a key role in collecting and disseminating data from the fields where ordinary networks are unreachable for various environmental and strategical reasons.

The ideal wireless sensor is networked and scalable, consumes very little power, is smart and software programmable, efficient for fast data acquisition, reliable and accurate over the long term, costs little to purchase and install, and requires no real maintenance.

The need to continuously monitoring physical phenomena has leads to many advances in sensing, computing and communication technologies. And a new technology evolves which is known as Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). Wireless Sensor Networks are a new kind of distributed systems that are an integral part of the physical space they inhabit. The massive growth in this technology has gathered the heed and imagination of many researchers, providing a broad spectrum of ideas to be implemented in various applications [2].

In high-performance spacecraft, satellite and aircraft, where low size, low weight, moderate cost, ease of installation are constraints, low profile antenna may be required. To meet these requirements, microstrip antennas can be used [1], [18]. Microstrip antenna technology has been the most rapidly developing topic in the antenna field in the last fifteen years, receiving the creative attentions of academic, industrial, and government engineers and researches throughout the world.