Semin and palmer (2014) conducted a set of three experiments recorded in a paper titled “Why the bride wears white- Grounding gender with brightness”. Focusing mainly on the first of three experiments they presented thirty five students with a set of fourty names, half of which were male, and the other females. The names were either presented in black or white. The participants were offered payment for the experiment and were given a 800ms window to decide if the name belonged to a man or a woman and were instructed to be as fast and as accurate as possible. The data was analysed in a 2x2 repeated measures anova with names (Male, female) and colour (black and white) as the two variables. Reaction times that did not meet the 800ms limit were …show more content…
Taking for example the white virgin wedding dress, giving connotations of innocence and grace versus black police uniforms with adjectives such as authority and dominance (Sherman and glore, 2009). It was noted too then woman tend to have a lighter skin colour due to the production of vitamin D3 needed for pregnancy Jablonski (2004), and therefore this sexual dimorphism has created a schema which collaborates females and males with bipolar colours (Jablonski & Chaplin, 2000). This was shown in a study by Nestor and Tarr, (2008) who showed that participants use skin colour in gender recognition when participant are shown images of faces but no other gender queues such as facial …show more content…
Taking for example, the “Coca Cola” Corporation, when they released their diet cola, in silver cans it was popular with woman but not with males, noticing this, coca cola later released their coca cola zero, the cans were black and were much more popular with males (Semin and smith, 2013). This provides a rationale for the 2014 study by Semin and Palmer. However, by using only black and white colours as their independent variables they are limited in ecological validity. Although it may hold true for the coca cola industry, most things are made up of multiple colours not only black and white. Semin and Palmer also noticed this, and therefor carried out a second study using colour, however rather than using a range of colours they chose only one which they believed was not already tied to any gender (green) and then tested the participant’s reaction times using either a light or dark shade of green. They found that the reaction times for male names when presented in dark green was 453ms compared to 465ms for light green and 453ms for female names in light green compared to 460ms in dark green. This was a far more significant difference (13ms and 7ms compared to 10ms and 8ms for the black and white trial). This shows that the effects of grounding gender with brightness is a lot stronger when presented in colours as appose to black and white. However, a
Design for this study was a within-participants design. IV is the conditions which were presented to the participants, thus Condition 1 with colour related words and Condition 2 with colour neutral words, both conditions included 6 words, each word was shown five times in their incongruent colours. DV was the overall time achieved for each condition measured in seconds. The order was counterbalanced therefore participants with odd order numbers were firstly given condition 1 and then condition 2 and vice versa for the even order numbers.
A “critical gendered lens” refers to the ability to develop an understanding of gender by examining the stereotypes and assumptions that accompany gender and sex. A “critical gendered lens” means that a person is able to question why sex and gender identification are so important in society. The authors use the example of sex identification at birth to explain what it means to have a “critical gendered lens”. They question why it is so important for people to accurately identify the sex of a baby, to the point where it is commonplace for girls to be dressed in pink and boys to be dressed in blue. A “critical gendered lens” is useful to the study of gender in communication, because it examines the infinite number of ways that people can communicate their gender.
In this study, participants had to distinguish between hand tools and guns. The catch was that while distinguishing between each object participants were faced with either a white face or black face. There were two trials were participants took their own time decide and then they had only about a few seconds. Participants were not supposed to look at race while making their decisions. Results showed
When Tonder states that, “the flies conquer the flypaper” (Steinbeck 68), he means that the invaders are attracted to the coal in the town, but in the town they feel stuck and paranoid. The invaders want to collect the coal from a town in Norway to aid their war effort. They overthrow the town government and instate their own. They force immediate, unwanted change into the lives of the citizens, which makes the citizens act out in rebellion. This rebellion would result in the gradual downfall of the invaders.
Paper Critique Assignment 1. There are two independent variables—cue luminance (3 levels: dark, equiluminant, light) and validity (2 levels: valid, invalid). The dependent variable measured was reaction time (RTS) in milliseconds. 2. A possible limitation to the experimental design is that stimuli (cue cards) were only in red with a green background.
As adults, one does not consider suicide and the thought of it goes away; however if you have stage four cancer, you may consider physician assisted suicide. Physician assisted suicide is a complicated and controversial topic around the United States and most likely the world. Many people across the United States are opposed to the legalization of P.A.S, others justify it as dying with dignity and therefore trying to legalize P.A.S. The people with the illness may have hope for their lives but others may be at that certain stage of illness were nothing can really help them and have no hope in living as much as they use to, so they may just want to end it all and not have to suffer anymore. States all around the
In experiment 1, participants were instructed to press a key to determine if the stimulus was red, blue, yellow, or green. On the second half of the experiment, the stimulus appeared in grey with only one colored letter which was positioned randomly. Error rates for the experiment were below 2.5% for each condition, which is quite low. Experiment 2 was the same as experiment 1 except that there were 114 data collections instead of 288 and there were 36 practice trials instead of 72. According to experiment 1 and 2 it is suggested that the effect of
The aim of this experiment was to basically analyze how fast the brain can perceive color and describe words simultaneously with the Stroop Effect theory. The Stroop Test is also done to determine new findings on the human’s brain automaticity and how it processes certain functions. In reference, to the independent and dependent variables involved, the independent variable in this experiment would be the color word followed by the conflicting color and the dependent would be the time that it took for the applicant to make a decision. At the conclusion of the lab, applicants were to record their results as well as the group data results and new findings of how the brain functions under certain processes. However, the age differences and the reading comprehension levels of the applicants involved, may have also caused an error due to the lack in understanding of the of time intervals in the ending data.
The variables we are presented with in this experiment are a dependent variable, and independent variable, and a controlled variable. The independent variable is the interference in perception put to use by changing the color of the words. The dependent variable is the processing and this is put to use by the time taken to read the words.
After being shown an image of one of twelve standardized faces, half of black boys, half of white boy, they were asked to determine whether the next image was of a weapon or toy, followed by a pattern mask to block visual processing of the previous image (Todd, et al., 2016). Todd et al (2016) measured reaction time (RT), which were measured in milliseconds (ms) and error rate or how often an object was identified incorrectly. Following the identification task the participants rated the age, race-ethnicity, and how threatening the image was for each of the 12 images. (Todd, et al.,
The so-called trivial lives of women during the 1900s play an important role in uncovering the true potential and importance of overcoming the oppression of women in a patriarchal society. An analysis of the short story, “A Jury of Her Peers” by Susan Glaspell, reveals the gruelling path towards overcoming oppression of women. Through an investigation of literary elements, such as symbolism, within the short story and a contextualization of the role of women in the story with the wave of feminism present at the time, an important aspect of overcoming oppression, gender loyalty, is identified.
Several researchers have tested the experiment afterwards, in the research on children’s self-perception. The experiment has also been extended to various tests by other methods, such as drawings of children with different skin tones. Still it appears that the results in many contexts can be
Overall, when comparing the reaction times of pictures to letters, picture reaction times are said to be generally greater.
They were able to answer questions such as the reaction between the visual and verbal reactions. The impact in terms of degree of interference was also evident from the results. The source of interference are the study aspects; color and naming. The conflicting color and word stimuli had an impact on the time taken by the subjects to read the given world. The authors argue that this was due to lack of coherence between visual interpretation and the expected verbal reaction. The subject gender had an impact on the results. The females had a better verbal reaction time compared to the males. According to the authors, this could be attributed to how the two genders normally react to color stimuli. Ideally, women usually possess high color stimulus-response
Religion is a cultural system tied together by a central ideology, which may consist of specific behaviours, practices, worldviews and ethics, giving rise to organisations and buildings for religious gatherings and worship (such as churches and mosques) that serve its followers. Gender refers to the socially constructed differences between females and male. Social life includes family life, roles, work, behaviour and their activities is organised around the dimension of this difference. Gender also refers to the cultural ideals, identities and stereotypes of masculinity and femininity and the sexual division of labour in institutions and organisations. Gender reflects the value of a society places on these social constructs, which are particular and unique to a society.