What Role Does Cell Transcription Play In Making Kidneys

Today we are in great need of a solution to solve the problem of the shortage of human organs available for transplant. The website for Donate Life America estimates that in the United States over 100 people per day are added to the current list of over 100,000 men, women, and children that are waiting for life-saving transplants. Sadly enough, approximately 18 people a day on that list die just because they cannot outlive the wait for the organ that they so desperately need to survive. James Burdick, director of the Division of Transplantation for the U.S. Department of Health & Human Services confirms, “The need for organ transplants continues to grow and this demand continues to outpace the supply of transplantable organs”. The

A significant issue is that kidney transplants have become much harder to receive due to the limited supply and the high demand. Thousands of people will be placed on a waiting list for an organ transplant and unfortunately will be on that list for months

Gene expression is the ability of a gene to produce a biologically active protein. This process is regulated by the cells of an organism, it is very important to the survival of organisms at all levels. This is much more complex in eukaryotes than in prokaryotes. A major difference is the presence in eukaryotes of a nuclear membrane, which prevents the simultaneous transcription and translation that occurs in prokaryotes. Initiation of protein transcription is started by RNA polymerase. The activity of RNA polymerase is regulated by interaction with regulatory proteins; these proteins can act both positively, as activators, and negatively as repressors. An example of gene regulation in cells is the activity of the trp operon. The trp

For over 13 year I have worked in healthcare and I have seen multiple patients die from organ failure as they waited on the transplant list. I’ve seen patients lose their quality of life as they sit in hospitals for weeks and months at a time as they waited for a kidney transplant. I also know people who have donated the organs of their loved ones and were blessed to know that their loss was the beginning of another person’s life.

The first step in protein synthesis is transcription which is when the cell makes an RNA copy of the information from DNA in the nucleus. The first step of transcription is called initiation. This is when the RNA polymerase binds to the promoter which contains the transcription start point. The polymerase binds

• There has been a breakthrough with human stem cells. Embryonic cells can be grown to produce organs or

Recent medical advances have greatly enhanced the ability to successfully transplant organs and tissue. Forty-five years ago the first successful kidney transplant was performed in the United States, followed twenty years later by the first heart transplant. Statistics from the United Network for Organ Sharing (ONOS) indicate that in 1998 a total of 20,961 transplants were performed in the United States. Although the number of transplants has risen sharply in recent years, the demand for organs far outweighs the supply. To date, more than 65,000 people are on the national organ transplant waiting list and about 4,000 of them will die this year- about 11 every day- while waiting for a chance to extend their life through organ donation

Every two hours someone dies waiting for an organ transplant. 18 people will die each day waiting for an organ. One organ donor can save up to 8 lives. . THE NEED IS REAL

Stem cells can be conducted to repair damaged tissues in humans. As we know, cells are the basic human structures of life. An organelle is made of cells, a group of cells make tissues, which makes organs, organs are compiled and work together to make an organ system, which all comes together to make an organism. Uncontrolled cell division is the basic definition of cancer. Stem cell usage provides vital information about how undifferentiated stem cells can transform into differentiated1 cells that form tissues. Watching stem cells mature in to cells in bones, hearts, and other organs and tissues can help doctors have a better understanding in the development of conditions and defects. Scientist from the National Institutes of Health believes genes turning on and off is central to this process. More knowledge on embryotic development may bear reason to how birth defect occur and help reinforce new ways to treat uncontrollable cell

Between 1990 and 2006, the waiting list for organs in the U.S. tripled in length. Over 113,000 Americans need organs today, and roughly 4,500 patients are added to this list each month (Nasir et al. 2013, The Economist 2008). Upwards of 7,000 Americans died in 2007 alone awaiting an organ for transplant—for comparison, that equates to about double the number of Americans killed in Iraq during the war between the four years prior (The Economist 2008). In line with the rest of this data, the number of patients with end-stage kidney failure, a condition requiring either maintenance dialysis therapy or a kidney replacement, quadrupled in the U.S. in the past twenty years (Jafar 2009).

this research would be to identify the factors that are involved in the cell making process that determines cell specialization. A few of our extreme medical conditions, like birth defects and cancer, are a direct result of abnormal cell specialization. If researchers obtain a better understanding of the normal cellular process, they can isolate the causes of these deadly illnesses. The most exciting potential use for stem cells is the generation of tissues and cells. Many diseases are a direct result from complications of cellular functions or destruction of tissues in the body. Many people donate organs and tissues to replace failing or destroyed tissues. Unfortunately, there are many more people suffering from these disorders than there are organs to transplant. That is where stem cells step in. They will give humans a chance to have a renewable source of cells and tissues that will treat a slue of diseases, and disabilities such as, Parkinson’s, stroke, burns, Alzheimer’s, spinal cord injury, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, and

Adult Stem Cells have potential to improve the medical field as well, but they’re more specific than embryonic cells. Unlike Embryonic Stem Cells, Adult Stem Cells are multipotent, or undifferentiated. This means that they rarely have the ability to become more than one type of

     “If researchers can decode how cells develop into tissue and organs, then they will begin to understand the mechanisms of "abnormal growth and development which, in turn, could lead to the discovery of new ways to prevent and treat birth defects and even cancer."

transcriptionis the first stage of gene expression. Its mechanism is based on rewriting the genetic information contained in the nucleotide sequence of the DNA strand to the RNA. The process can be divided into the initiation, elongation and termination. In a first step, an RNA polymerase binds to the denatured template locally at the site promoter. Then, in elongation step, it adds more ribonucleotides, complementay to the DNA strand, to the nascent mRNA in the 5 '→ 3 '. The process terminates at terminacyjnym, which mostly is characterized by regions complementary to each other, resulting in the formation of secondary structure in a transcript hairpin [5]. In

Gary Becker and Julio Elias state that "In 2012, 95,000 American men, women, and children were on the waiting list for new kidneys, the most commonly transplanted organ" (222). The number of deaths while waiting for the kidney transplant are extremely high. More people would be willing to donate knowing there was money involved; however, the chances of the organ rejecting itself is still there. Families paying high dollar for an organ that is not guaranteed to work is ridiculous. Even if people could afford to keep buying organs until one actually worked, there would still be a