What Is The Pathophysiology For John's Case

1. List at least 3 risk factors that John has for developing heart disease. By looking at John’s case and description of his daily life, it is clear that if he doesn’t change his way of life soon, he could have serious problems in the future. One main problem that John can have is heart disease. By looking at his case, 3 things stood out for factors that can contribute to it.

These deficits increase during the course of the disease and are due to loss of dopamine-secreting neurons in the motor circuits in the basal ganglia which are necessary for control and coordination of movements. The symptoms displayed because of this are: bradykinesia, resting tremor, rigidity of muscles and impaired posture (Millage, Vesey, Finkelstein, & Anheluk, 2017). Research indicates that exercise modalities can improve both motor and non-motor aspects of PD (Dashtipour et al., 2015).

PD is the second most common neurodegenerative disease featured pathologically by the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. The typical symptoms of PD include slowness of movements (bradykinesia), muscle stiffness (rigidity), tremor, and balance disturbance. Etiopathologically, PD is considered to be caused by the significant loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta and the subsequent dopamine depletion at the striatum. To date, there are only symptomatic treatments available for PD, particularly in the early stages of the disease. No therapy has been found that can cure or halt the progression of the disease.

Parkinson’s disease is a degenerative disorder that affect the motor system of the central nervous system. This results in where cells have died that dopamine can no longer be generated in the substantia nigra. What results then is shaking, slowness, difficulty moving (patients will be seen shuffling because they will have problems with walking). Symptoms develop slowly until full Parkinson’s disease presents itself. Later stages of Parkinson can present with dementia as well. (3) There are other disorders that can present that look like Parkinson so it is important to distinguish the difference between Parkinson’s disease vs. other disorders. Signs that distinguish Parkinson’s disease in its own category is that patients will present with an early sign of resting alternating tremor that is prominent in one arm.

Parkinson’s disease is caused by the destruction of dopamine-producing nerve cells in the midbrain (Substantia nigra). These nerve cells are used to coordinate smooth and regular body movement. In the absence of these cells, people often experience tremors (involuntary shaking or

Parkinson’s is a progressive neurodegenerative disease, primarily affecting voluntary, precise, and controlled movement. Parkinson’s occurs when cells in a part of the brain called the substantia nigra die off. These cells are responsible for producing dopamine. With less and less dopamine, a person has less and less ability to regulate their movements, body and emotions. The terms "familial Parkinson's disease" and "sporadic Parkinson's disease" are used to differentiate genetic from truly idiopathic forms of the disease.

Parkinson disease (PD), also referred to as Parkinson’s disease and paralysis agitans, is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that is the third most common neurologic disorder of older adults. It is a debilitating disease affecting motor ability and is characterized by four cardinal symptoms: tremor rigidity, bradykinesia or kinesis (slow movement/no movement), and postural instability. Most people have primary, or idiopathic, disease. A few patients have secondary parkinsonian symptoms from conditions such as brain tumors and certain anti-psychotic drugs.

Parkinson’s disease is a progressive disorder of the nervous system that affects movement. The loss of dopamine neurons in the mid-brain substantia nigra region leads to Parkinson’s, in which a person has rigidity, slowness of movement, postural instability, and typically a resting tremor. It develops gradually, sometimes starting with a barely noticeable tremor in just one hand. But while a tremor may be the most common sign of Parkinson’s disease, the disorder also commonly causes stiffness or slowing of

Parkinson disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized mainly by physical and psychological disabilities. This disorder was named after James Parkinson, an English physician who first described it as shaking palsy in 1817 (Goetz, Factr, and Weiner, 2002). Jean- Martin Charcot, who was a French neurologist, then progressed and further refined the description of the disease and identified other clinical features of PD (Goetz, Factr, and Weiner, 2002). PD involves the loss of cells that produce the neurotransmitter dopamine in a part of the brain stem called the substansia nigra, which results in several signs and symptoms (Byrd, Marks, and Starr, 2000). It is manifested clinically by tremor,

Parkinson’s Disease is known as one of the most common progressive and chronic neurodegenerative disorders. It belongs to a group of conditions known as movement disorders. Parkinson disease is a component of hypokinetic disorder because it causes a decreased in bodily movement. It affects people who are usually over the age of 50. It can impair an individual motor as well as non-motor function. Some of the primary symptoms of Parkinson’s disease are characterized by tremors or trembling in hands, legs and arms. In early symptoms the tremor can be unilateral, appearing in one side of body but progression in the disease can cause it to spread to both sides; rigidity or a resistant to movement affects most people with Parkinson’s disease,

Introduced by James Parkinson in his 1817 monograph “Essay on the Shaking Palsy,” Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common age-related neuro-degenerative disease identified after Alzheimer 's disease. It is a progressive disorder in result of affected nerve cells in the brain. The disease progresses gradually taking several years moving from prodromal period into motor period, and the motor period may take up to twenty years. Symptoms of PD are mostly associated with degenerated body movements, and the treatment typically include self-care, meditation, and surgery. Unfortunately, there is currently no cure for PD, and the prognosis of the disease is unclear.

Question 1: A person with Parkinson’s disease (PD) demonstrates physical, cognitive and behavioural difficulties. These difficulties are based on the evidence of years of research about PD and the characteristics that are associated with this neurodegenerative disorder. Jankovic (2008) describes cardinal features of PD; tremor at rest, rigidity, bradykinesia, and postural instability which will be discussed in terms of their key aspects. Tremor tends to not interfere with daily activities as the tremor decreases with voluntary movement (Dauer, & Przedbors, 2003). Rest tremor disappear with action or during sleep, and usually involve the hands and may involve the lips, chin, jaw and legs; however, rarely involve the neck, head or voice (Jankovic,

Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disease, it recognised as a progressive disease because it progresses and worsens over time and during the disease there is a loss of neurons therefore it is identified as neurodegenerative. In Parkinson's disease there is a loss of particular neurons called dopamine neurons, dopamine neurons are able to produce a signalling chemical, dopamine. This chemical is important for allowing the body to make normal movements, primarily dopamine neurons are found in the substantia nigra area of the brain, it is located in the mid brain above the spinal cord; when these neurons are lost there is a reduction in the amount of dopamine in the brain.

Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative movement disease affecting approximately 1% of people at age 60. It is the most second most commonly occurring neurodegenerative disease in the elderly (after Alzheimer’s Disease). In PD patients, loss of dopamine-producing neurons results in a range of motor and non-motor symptoms. The prevalence of PD increases with age, and currently there is no cure, no means of slowing the disease progression, and no means of prevention.

Definition: “Parkinson’s disease is a chronic, progressive disease of the nervous system characterized by the cardinal features of rigidity, bradykinesia, tremor, and postural instability” (O’Sullivan and Schmitz, 2007). The condition can develop between age group 60 and 80 years and symptoms mostly appear around 60 years of age (O’Sullivan and Schmitz, 2007).