Introduction
Many researchers have hypothesized that language could be acquired only within a critical period, which is from early infancy to puberty. If this is true, this should be extended to second language acquisition as well, and, if so, young children should be better at acquiring the second language than adults, and the individuals who started to learn the second language in their early childhood should reach higher levels of proficiency in the second language compare to those who started to learn the language in their adulthood. If this prediction is true, it would importantly demonstrate that children should be exposed to language with rich vocabulary and grammar within the critical period, and foreign language exposure at school should take place in early grades in order to maximize their opportunity to learn the language effectively. However, the self-motivation and the value of learning the language may differ depending on the individuals and those factors can limit or expand the exposure to the target language. In this paper, I would like to discuss the correlation between the age that bilingual individuals are exposed to the second language as well as their motivation, and the value of learning the second language. I would like to suggest that regardless of the age that individuals are exposed to the second language, if one values the importance of learning the target language and maximize their exposure to it, they can reach to the native level of proficiency in that language.
2. Body
Previous studies such as “Critical Period Effects in Second Language Learning: The Influence of Maturational State on the Acquisition of English as a Second Language” (Johnson, Newport 1998), and “Age Constraints on Second-Language Acquisition” (Flege, Yeni-Komshian, Lin 1999) have tested those predictions. In those studies, the English proficiency of native speakers of other languages who had arrived in the United States between the ages of three or younger to after puberty, and had lived in the United States for more than ten years was compared. In the first study, researchers had Korean and Chinese native speakers who have lived in the United States for more than ten years, and those subjects were tested on
As Zentella has studied within these three families, she finds an assortment of variation, even in individuals that come from the same family. The author argues that children coming from similar backstories range differently in their expertise in the language of their immigrated parents and the standard language of their residency. She concludes that because each family’s outlook on learning a second language and each individual’s preference challenges one another, one’s ability to learn a second language varies as well; there is no solid explanation as to why some people from the same background are more advanced in Spanish rather than English, and vice versa. Most people would not have taken into account of all the different contributions that this author describes, including gender, social preference, location, and personal beliefs. The common person would assume that acquiring a second language is possible for these families because they are surrounded by it, and that they would be able to maintain both their primary and secondary language. However, the author does analyze the contrasting opinion through observing the differences found in her study. She finds that the development of each person greatly varies to where each has different learning abilities and preferences. Where they live, whom they are in contact with, gender, and even their own personal behavior affects their unique growth. Since all have varying opinions, their decisions and values are placed accordingly to their own desire; in conclusion, these are all major factors in how people’s language skills
The Charmer The Charmer is honestly an interesting book that takes an unusual twist to a regular family story. it isn't a book that I would typically read but it really intrigued me. The story starts off from the perspective of Winnifred when she is in her thirties, all grown up with kids. Reminiscing on the "lump of anger" that she had for her brother, Zackary, when they were growing up. even though when she was young, she never had those feelings.
The techniques or alternatives of learning English might not be effective to some people but, does it take away the fact that it is effective? Proof is shown that these three simple everyday activities got her siblings and herself to where they are today. Successful bilingual Americans. It is also proven that Sofia’s thought of learning languages at a young age is correct. Children develop the most information when they are younger because their mind is still developing. Sofia might not be a scientist but, this has been proven about a child’s mind development during
We learned in our text that the development of language is a complicated process that involves phonemes, morphemes, syntactic development among several other factors (Siegler, DeLoache, Eisenberg & Saffran, 2014, p. 218). Proper and effective development of these language skills has been shown to have a critical learning period that enables successful fluency of a language; this period usually occurs between the ages of 5 and puberty (Siegler et al., 2014, p. 220). I believe that this critical period is the backbone of the argument against bilingual education. Proponents of this argument believe that the sooner a child is immersed in the new language, the better off they will be with regards to mechanics and use of that language.
Should schoolchildren be required to learn a second or even third language from a young age? According to studies at the Cornell Language Acquisition Lab (CLAL), children who learn a second language can maintain attention despite outside stimuli better than those who know only one language. Learning foreign languages from a young age is much easier than trying to pick one up later in life, researchers say that their elementary brains are most receptive to picking it up and enabling them to speak the language fluently with little or no hint of a foreign accent. Schools around the country are struggling to keep their foreign language programs alive. My interest in this topic has developed from my cousins, who live out in California who have been taught a foreign from a younger age, and the school I went to didn’t start teaching it until the ninth grade.
Nowadays, with such diversity in languages spoken throughout America, it is not uncommon for students to be unable to communicate with fellow classmates. A foreign language should be taught to all students beginning in elementary school throughout the United States. The implementation of foreign language classes in early education is more beneficial than learning a second language as an adult and increases the understanding of nearby culture. In addition, learning a foreign language as a young child produce higher test scores years later, increases cognitive mental development, and creates a marketable, knowledgeable individual in the workforce. Foreign language instruction should begin in elementary school and continue through high school.
The purpose of this paper is to review the literature which examines whether there is a critical period in foreign/second language acquisition and in pronunciation for late learners. The Critical Period Hypothesis refers to the claim that there is an optimal period for language acquisition which ends around puberty (Lenneberg, 1967). Generally, the advanced level of cognitive development enables adults to perform better than children in most areas. However, in the domain of language learning, children seem to have an edge over adults. All children master their first language within a proper environment. On average, children are more successful than adults in learning a foreign/second language even with native-like competence. However, adults often struggle to learn a foreign/second language and seem to fail to acquire the language. Therefore, researchers have raised the question about whether there is an optimal period in language learning.
The critical period hypothesis has been a long-standing topic of debate in first and second language acquisition. There are many studies that focus on the effects of age on the attainment of a second language. The Critical Period Hypothesis theorizes, at its most basic level, that younger learners are more successful than older learners in language learning. It also theorizes that language learning is difficult after puberty. Thus, a critical period or age limit exist in language learning. It is generally accepted that the critical period extends to second language acquisition. However, there are disagreements on the optimum age range in which second language can be easily attained.
Learning a foreign language is becoming more and more popular everywhere in our day and time, and Mexico is not the exception. Many Mexican students, young and old, are motivated to learn English for education, work, travel, or even just for the love of learning a new language. Alejandro Estrada is an English student from Guadalajara, Jalisco. His goal in learning English is to further his education, and thus his quality of life. In this essay, I will create explain Alejandro’s concerns with studying English, and what I can do to help him achieve his language goals.
Why is being bilingual important? Every people know their main language and they can speak native language but it is not enough for them. People need other new language. People know main language but it is not important. The most important thing that people can speak new language. People can know native language. If people know extra language people can do everything. New language is helpful. Knowing two language can be succes for people. If people know two language, people will be first in everywhere. People should know foreign language. In my opinion, extra language is important for people because of four reasons.
Other literature resources sited the need to understand the connections between the native language and the new language. Deng and Zou (2016) suggest that children learn new languages faster and with greater fluency than adults, “…adults may have lost their natural language acquisition skills after a certain age, so adults cannot successfully acquire the second language with the same level of eventual
An interesting phenomenon in the research of second language acquisition is that learners seem to acquire English grammatical morphemes in a certain order, regardless of their native languages, ages, and learning environments. Furthermore, technique of instruction and data collection seem to have little effect on the acquisition order. This study attempts to investigate the morpheme acquisition order in the writing of Arabic students learning English at king Faisal University, KSA. Data collected from twenty placements tests is examined for fourteen grammatical morphemes and the participants from Saudi Arabian male students at king Faisal University. The acquisition order obtained is compared to orders, found in previous studies. The study does not find a significant correlation between second language acquisition order and first language acquisition order, but high correlations between this study’s sequence and those in five other second language acquisition studies give further strength to the idea of a universal ESL morpheme acquisition order.
The vast majority of the people residing in the valley, especially in the city of Brownsville, Texas are fluent in both Spanish and English, and therefore considered bilingual. Brownsville has been considered a highly illiterate and poorly educated city, where learning a secondary language such as English, drastically changes those discriminating statistics. The argument is that learning a secondary language indeed supports literacy development from an early age, by reading aloud to children, making them participants of a learning incentive, and family literacy practices. A development in literacy significantly increases reading achievement test scores, helps students become better at grammatical judgment and word recognition, and improves their cognitive development.
Learning a second language, English in particular, is important these days for any adult wanting to travel widely either for work or leisure, and/or to improve their career chances within their own country. It is the language of commerce, diplomacy, tourism, marketing and customer service and sales etc. In addition (J Dearden, 2014, p2), undertook a study of the growing phenomenon of English being used as a medium of instruction (EMI) in countries where English is not the first language, this was undertaken in 58 countries all of which use EMI. This essay will look at why adults have many reasons to learn English in particular. As well as how they learn and are there some personality traits or interest which enhance their ability to learn?
In the current education system, foreign language education is strongly encouraged for high school students planning on attending college, but is not required. With more than half of the U.S. population having Spanish as their first language, it is not only college bound students who would benefit from learning a second language. Rather than limiting second language education to only a percent of students, The Influential is incorporating second language education in all schools all across the nation. According to a study conducted on 17,000 British children, the most productive age for second language instruction is between 11 and 13 years of age. With