What Is Cellular Autophagy?

The body has two faces, the cis face which fuses with incoming transport vesicles, and the trans face which excretes the secretory vesicles. The cis face fuses with vesicles coming from the ER effectively from many directions due to its convex shape, whereas the concave trans face can direct the secretory vesicles to their destination. When fusing with the cis face, the transport vesicles release their proteins to be absorbed for modification. Each cisternal layer of the Golgi body holds different enzymes which each modify the passing proteins in separate ways. Between the layers the proteins are moved through the gaps by small vesicles. When a protein has been modified correctly, it leaves the Golgi body via secretory vesicles which then carry the modified proteins to the cell membrane or another organelle. The proteins that are transported to the cell membrane are either excreted from the cell, or absorbed into the membrane to aid with its function. Some of the secretory vesicles which hold hydrolytic enzymes stay within the cytoplasm and function as lysosomes.

In the article, "Mitosis Can Drive Cell Cannibalism Through Entosis", Joanne Durgen (et al.) suggests that cell division may cause living cells to engulf each other by invading another living cell. Although the word "cannibalism" sounds terrible, cell-eating-cell is very descriptive of what happens in this process and is shown that it may be beneficial in limiting tumor growth. Briefing over where entosis is found and what it does, what proteins regulate the entosis process, and possible beneficial characteristics in human cancer and chemotherapy in this article may give a better understanding of this microscopic process.

Lysosomes can be found in all parts of the cell cytoplasm, they are also small vesicles produced by the Golgi apparatus. As these are capable of digesting all major chemical components of living cells they are also called suicide bags. They are free to travel throughout the cell; they destroy

Distinguish between the following pairs of terms: kinesis and taxis, circadian and circannual behavioral rhythms, landmarks and cognitive maps, classical and operant conditioning.

The early endosomes progress gradually. The early endosomes transform into the late endosomes because of the lowered levels of ph, when Rab proteins are traded, and the earlier endosomes internal structure has a crucial

In vitro: SMER 28 independently induced autophagy of rapamycin in mammalian cells, enhancing the clearance of autophagy substrates such as A53T a-synuclein and mutant huntingtin, which were associated with Huntington’s and Parkinson’s disease. SMER 28, which seemed to act either independently or downstream of the rapamycin target, was found to attenuate the mutant huntingtin-fragment toxicity in Huntington’s disease cells [1].

Inside of a cell, there is the cytoplasm. The cytoplasm is the gel-like material that surrounds the organelles and holds them in place. Each of the organelles has a specific job/duty to do in the cell. One of the organelles is called autophagosomes. The job for these organelles is to constantly eat the cytoplasm, bacteria, viruses, and damaged cell parts. The leftovers are then carried to the digestive organelles such as Lysosomes. There, the leftovers are broken down. This process is called autophagy. For example, if a damaged mitochondria, is swept up by an autophagosome and carried to a lysosome, by tracing the movement of proteins in the cell, the authors and their colleagues have been unraveling

Finally, the enzyme replacement therapy has been limited in Pompe disease and therefore it has led to an evaluation of the pathology of the skeletal muscle which revealed discoveries exposing the new pathogenic mechanism involving the role of autophagy. I believe that understanding this disease will open new avenues for therapeutic targets that will guide researchers toward developing new ideas apart from or in sync to ERT.

Mitochondrial disease can prevent the cell from maintaining a sufficient level of ATP, which can result in necrosis. Another process mitochondrial disease disrupts is ovulation, the releasing of eggs, occurring in a female body. The disruption of this process is specifically known as atresia. Two basic biological processes the malicious disorder affects are protein translation and autophagy. Protein translation is the process where cells produce proteins that are instructed by DNA and RNA’s genetic code. Autophagy is a normal maintenance process where the cell digests its own components in contrast to releasing it as a waste product. When this genetic disorder takes over the body, it can cause serious

Cancer is without a doubt a scary and deadly disease to have, but is it solely responsible for killing the patient? The term cancer is a term used for a several related diseases. All cancer has the similar abnormality where cells grow at an uncontrollable and exponential rate. In a healthy person “cells grow and divide to form new cells as the body needs them” (Institute). As the cells age they naturally become damage and degrade, these damaged cells die, and new cell are produced to replace them. This is the natural process of the cell. In the case of cancer cells, these natural functions mutate and become abnormal. Instead of old damaged cells

"Goodnight Mr Tom directed by Jack Gold explores the idea of a 10-year-old boy named William who has been sent to the countryside to be looked after by a man named Tom Oakley. The film presents the idea of the effects of child abuse, and the importance of love and care to raise a child. Through the use of camera work, sound editing, and composition, Gold informs us of the effect of mistreating children and promotes understanding of the requirements of love and care to raise a child.

Neuronal cells and cell of the central nervous system bear an increased risk of being burdened

Cellular respiration is the process and series of metabolic reactions that turns chemical energy into the useable energy source, ATP. Since it depends on a variety of factors, there are also many things that can inhibit its completion, like nitric oxide, an endogenously produced substance that can be toxic, particularly affecting the cytochrome C complex in cellular respiration. Haem oxygenase, an enzyme, “catalyse[s] the oxidative degradation of haem to biliverdin and carbon monoxide (CO), accompanied by the release of ferrous iron” (D’Amico et.al, 2006). The carbon monoxide released was viewed as “toxic,” but it has actually been found to “significantly increase cellular cGMP concentrations,” and “increase the activity of calcium-activated potassium channels,” which can reverse the “hypoxia-induced inhibition” of these channels (D’Amico et.al). Nitric oxide’s binding to cytochrome C oxidase in the electron transport chain can inhibit mitochondrial respiration, but it is unclear if endogenous CO’s binding to the CCO can also do so.

Many cells are filled with a complex network of tube like things known as the endoplasmic reticulum. The endoplasmic

Since the early settlers first stepped foot on what is now the United States of America, capital punishment has been reserved as a form of punishment for the people who have committed some of society’s most heinous crimes. Recently, support of capital punishment has begun to erode due to the advancements of DNA technology and groups, such as the Innocence Project. Capital punishment, however, remains to be an appropriate form of punishment for someone convicted of capital crimes, and may be effective in deterring such offenses.